<p>The Stratford Building is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1913 as a reconstruction of the first, 1902-built Masonic Temple building in Grand Forks, which had burned partially on January 18, 1912. The reconstruction retained parts of the first floor of the earlier version.</p><br>
<p>It includes Early Commercial, "Vernacular-Craftsman" and other architecture.</p><br>
<p>When listed the property included just the one contributing building on an area of less than 1 acre.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in its North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey document.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Swart House and Tavern is a historic home and tavern located at Glenville in Schenectady County, New York. It consists of a long, 2-story, rectangular gable-roofed structure with a -story rear wing. The rear wing was built about 1750 and the building was substantially enlarged about 1792 in the Federal style. Also on the property is a stone masonry smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Born in the Schoharie Valley in 1718, Adam Swart did not move to Schenectady until his marriage to Catherine Van Patten in 1742. Their son Nicholas built the Swart Tavern in the late 18th century, a building which is still standing, but no longer in use as a tavern. A circa 1840 painting of the Swart Tavern is also on display.</p><br>
<p>Bellona Arsenal was a 19th-century United States Army post in Chesterfield County, Virginia, above the James River near Richmond, Virginia</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>With William Wirt (Attorney General), experienced armorer Major John Clarke established his Bellona Foundry on the south shore of the James River, 14 miles above Richmond, Virginia, in 1810. Transportation along the James River, nearby coal mines, pig iron furnaces in the valleys upstream of the city, and access to markets downstream allowed the development of early industry in Virginia, an otherwise almost entirely agrarian state. The ruins of the original Foundry building still stand. The Foundry manufactured weaponry for the War Department.</p><br>
<p>Major Clarke instrumentally arranged for the location of a federal arsenal immediately to the west of Bellona Foundry. The Army erected Bellona Arsenal in 1816 and named it for Bellona (goddess). The Arsenal received and stored cannon from the Foundry from 1817. People constructed several buildings in Foundry and Arsenal throughout its first several years. Stone walls enclosed eight buildings surrounding the quadrangle at the Arsenal; these buildings included a three-story main arsenal building at the north end with a projecting pavilion and circular third-story windows, two quarters for officers flanking the arsenal, four workshops on the east and west sides of the quadrangle, and a three-story barracks building on the south end. The similar brick workshop buildings lack foundations, and each have two stories with hipped roofs and interior end chimneys. Two smaller workshops contain three bays each with central entrances and segmental arched openings; the larger workshop building has a five-bay facade.</p><br>
<p>The low rectangular powder magazine with walls five and a half feet thick stood to the west of the quadrangle buildings; a stone wall surrounding the magazine protected the quadrangle buildings against possible explosion. This powder magazine survives sans roof.</p><br>
<h2>Antebellum years</h2><br>
<p>Bellona Foundry supplied much ordnance to the Army and Navy of the United States throughout the antebellum period. The Arsenal repaired small arms and engaged in a few other functions until 1832; thereafter, it only received and stored cannons. The Army removed the garrison to Fort Monroe in 1833 but left a single ordnance sergeant as a caretaker.</p><br>
<p>In 1837, the War Department declared disused Bellona Arsenal surplus. Thomas Randolph and a partner leased several buildings for a silkworm farm.</p><br>
<p>Major Clarke died in 1844, and Bellona Foundry then passed to Doctor Junius L. Archer, who leased a residence from the Arsenal complex. In 1856, Doctor Archer purchased Bellona Arsenal from the federal government for a mere $2650.</p><br>
<p>Bellona Arsenal, nearby Tredegar Iron Works, and three facilities in other states cast heavy cannon immediately before the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>American Civil War</h2><br>
<p>Bellona Arsenal and the somewhat larger Tredegar Iron Works served the Virginia militia and the Confederate military well in manufacturing cannons and similar armaments. Doctor Archer leased both Arsenal and Foundry to the Confederate States and retained a job as Superintendent of the complex. Bellona ranked second as a producer of Confederate armaments.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The owners tore down the barracks, quarters for officers, and one workshop in 1872; only three workshops of the original eight quadrangle buildings (and the powder magazine) survived at the old Bellona Arsenal. They sold the arsenal property in 1877.</p><br>
<p>The property changed hands several times; in 1942, Mr. M. C. Luck purchased the surviving buildings and began to renovate them. He later converted them into residences.</p><br>
<p>On 6 May 1971, National Register of Historic Places listings in Chesterfield County, Virginia, added Bellona Arsenal. It now lies off SR 673 northwest of its junction with VA 147 near Midlothian, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Augusta Arsenal was a 19th-century fortification in Augusta, Georgia. Established in 1816 and initially completed on the Georgia bank of the Savannah River in 1819, it was moved to the former Belle Vue estate in the Summerville neighborhood of Augusta in 1827 due to health concerns after several fever epidemics.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Belle Vue estate was established by George and Eliza Talbot Walker. It was the birthplace of their granddaughter, Octavia Walton Le Vert in 1811. George later sold Belle Vue to his brother, Freeman Walker, for use as a summer estate. Freeman Walker sold the 72 acre property, with the exception of one acre that contained the Walker Family Cemetery, to the United States government for $6,000 in 1826. The arsenal was moved to the new location the following year, with four large brick buildings connected by a twenty-two inch thick wall completed in 1829. Troops from the arsenal took part in various campaigns involving the Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole tribes and took part in the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>Following the secession of Georgia from the Union, then governor, Joseph E. Brown, visited the arsenal on January 23, 1861 and demanded that the commander, Arnold Elzey surrender the facility to the state. Elzey initially refused. 600 citizens of Augusta then volunteered for militia duty based on rumors that the state was going to take the arsenal from Elzey and his small contingent of 82 soldiers. Brown gave Elzey a second chance to surrender the facility, demanding an answer by 9 o&#39;clock the next morning. After notifying his superiors of the situation via telegraph, Elzey turned the arsenal over to the state the next day.</p><br>
<p>By summer 1861, the Confederate Chief of Ordnance, Josiah Gorgas, determined to greatly expand the arsenal around the original nucleus. His plans included building a "great arsenal of construction where ammunition, field and siege artillery projectiles and ordnance stores in general be made in large quantities." April 1862 saw the arsenal placed under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington Rains. He was also put in charge of erecting the enormous Confederate Powderworks, which he placed at the 1816 arsenal site. The arsenal produced large quantities of war materiel from 1863 to 1865. The arsenal was under threat in November 1864 during Sherman&#39;s March to the Sea, with equipment prepared for evacuation until the Union Army turned toward Savannah. In the end, the arsenal was surrendered back to Federal control when Union troops entered Augusta on May 3, 1865.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>The arsenal was a valuable asset for the war effort during the Spanish–American War. It manufactured various types of equipment and served as a supply and repair point. During World War I the arsenal served as a center for the repair of small arms. Following minimum staffing after close of World War I, World War II saw activity at the site increase enormously, with the construction of roughly fifty new buildings. Primary activities were directed at maintenance and supply of weapons and ammunition, with over 1000 people working at the arsenal.</p><br>
<p>The arsenal remained in operation until 1955, at which point the decision was made to close it. Most of the property was given to the Georgia Board of Education. It was converted into the Junior College of Augusta in 1957. The name was changed to Augusta College in 1958, and later as Augusta State University. In 2012, Augusta State University merged with Georgia Health Sciences University to become Georgia Regents University. After much public and alumni discontent, the school was renamed Augusta University in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Budaki, or Budaksky Lagoon  is a Black Sea lagoon  in Bessarabia, southern Ukraine. Located in 18 km from the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. The lagoon is separated from the Black Sea by the 80–200 m wide sandbar. The health spa town Sergiyivka is located on the coasts of the Budaki Lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The temporary connection between the lagoon and the sea is organised via artificial canal «Budaki» (on the southern west), sometime via natural erosion (washout) of the sandbar. The lagoon is connected to the Dniester Estuary via canals «Bugaz-1» and «Bugaz-2». In the central part of the lagoon, in the town of Sergiyivka, the bridge is connect the town with the sandbar.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon has 17 km long, 1.5 km wide, 0.8-2.4 m elevation, area of 27–32 km². The length of the sandbar is about 18 km, its width is 80–200 m. The lagoon si shallow, maximal depth up to 2.2 m, average 1.05 m. In summer the temperature of the water is 26-28°С, up to 33 °C on shallow water.</p><br>
<p>In the last 20 years the salinity of the liman is ranged between 2 and 32‰. Now the most desalinated part is the Akkembet Bay and the northeast of the lagoon, which connected to the Dniester Estuary (Salinity 2-14‰), and maximal mineralization is in southwest (15-32‰).</p><br>
<p>The name of the lagoon, Budaki is the old name of the village Prymorske, which origine from Bucak, means "corner", "nook". Another name of the lagoon, Shabolat, is origine from the name of another village, Shabo (Acha-abag - lower gardens), which located north from the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Niskayuna Railroad Station is a historic railway station located at Niskayuna in Schenectady County, New York. It was possibly built in 1843 by the Schenectady and Troy Railroad and renovated or replaced in the 1880s. It is a one-story, rectangular, red brick masonry building on a foundation of rough cut quarry stone. It has a gable roof with broad eaves that cover the platform area. The rear wall of the station is situated directly upon the current, steep bank of the Mohawk River. It ceased to be used as a railroad facility in 1964, then was converted to a single family residence. It has been acquired by the town of Niskayuna as part of the Mohawk Hudson Hike/Bike Trail along the former railroad bed.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Enlarged Double Lock No. 23, Old Erie Canal is a historic Erie canal lock located at Rotterdam in Schenectady County, New York. It was built in 1841-1842 as part of the First Enlargement. It is built entirely of large cut limestone blocks, laid regular ashlar, and mortared with hydraulic cement. The Northeast lock chamber is 110 ft long and 18 ft wide; the Southwest lock chamber is 220 ft long and 18 to 20 ft wide; and the Center pier is 100 ft long and 26 ft wide. The Southwest lock chamber was expanded in 1889-1890. Lock 23 fell into disuse after the opening of the New York State Barge Canal in 1918. The lock chambers contain no water and the area is open as a local park. The site was reclaimed and stabilized by local volunteers starting in 1999. A replica of a board and batten locktender&#39;s hut was constructed between 2000 and 2003 by students from the Union College Department of Civil Engineering.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Baird Law Office in Green Bay, Wisconsin was built in the 1830s in Greek Revival style, which was then popular as one of America&#39;s first architectural styles that explicitly rejected British practices. The small one-story building measures just 16 x 30 ft in size and served historically as a professional building.</p><br>
<p>A plaque from 1964 explains that it was built as a law office for Henry S. Baird ("Father of the Wisconsin Bar") in the early 1830s, then later used as a residence, and it was restored and moved to its then-current site in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Other sources state that it was instead used first by owner Samuel Beall as a land office and his residence, and was purchased a few years later by Baird: "Henry S. Baird was an influential figure in local and state history. He found architecture befitting his stature when he purchased what became his namesake in 1841."</p><br>
<p>The building was listed, for its architecture, on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The listing is for a 4 acre area with just the one contributing building and no other structures.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Register&#39;s database, the building was built in 1831.</p><br>
<p>The Heritage Park states that the building was constructed by Samuel Beall, in 1835, "at the corner of Main and Monroe Streets", in Green Bay and "used as a land office and Beall’s residence." It was moved several times, in fact, before being moved to Heritage Hill, in Allouez, in 1975.</p><br>
<p>It is now located within what is now Heritage Hill State Park. Also located in the park are several other NRHP-listed buildings.</p><br>
<p>According to Nick Backhaus, a restoration supervisor at Heritage Hill, the 16 x 30 ft building might have "survived because of its unique architecture, and people identified that it was unique." He noted that "The architecture is Greek Revival, a style popular in the 1800s, though often expressed on much larger buildings," Backhaus said. "Many prosperous Americans believed that ancient Greece represented the spirit of democracy."</p><br>
<p>Architectural details include a portico with four columns, the center two having Ionic capitals and being round fluted. The outer two, without capitals, are square. The pediment has a cedar frieze board and dentils.</p><br>
<p>Christman Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary is a national historic district located near Delanson, Schenectady County, New York. The district includes six contributing buildings and one contributing structure on a largely wooded, rural 105 acre tract. It lies in the valley of the Bozenkill and includes a 30 ft waterfall along the Helderberg Escarpment. Located on the property is a two-story frame dwelling built in 1868, a stone dairy house, barns, large stone walls, and an open lean-to built by the Mohawk Valley Hiking Club. The sanctuary had its beginnings in 1888 when property owner W.W. Christman  and his wife, the former Catherine Bradt, began a winter bird feeding program during the great blizzard of that year.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>On 8 March 1988 the Bavarian State Ministry for State Development and the Environment designated an area of 1,280 km² in the Steigerwald in North Bavaria, Germany, as the Steigerwald Nature Park . About half the area consists of protected landscapes. The nature park is run by the Steigerwald Tourist Association and Steigerwald Nature Park .</p><br>
<p>The landscape is characterised by deciduous and pine forests, ponds and vineyards.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Steigerwald hill range straddles the Bavarian provinces of Lower, Middle and Upper Franconia and surrounds their tripoint which is marked by the Dreifrankenstein ("Three Franconias Stone"). It is located between the cities of Bamberg, Schweinfurt, Würzburg and Nuremberg. To the north it is bounded by the course of the River Main and to the east by the Regnitz. Its southern boundary is formed by the Aisch and to the west the Main again and an extension of the line from Marktbreit via Uffenheim to Bad Windsheim.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<h3>Area by province</h3><br>
<p>Total park area: 1,280 km²</p><br>
<h3>Area by district</h3><br>
<p>Total park area: 1,280 km²</p><br>
<h3>Protected landscapes by province</h3><br>
<p>Total area: 675 km² (around 53% of the park)</p><br>
<h3>Ownership of the woodlands</h3><br>
<p>Total area: 512.7 km² (around 40% of the park)</p><br>
<h2>National park discussions</h2><br>
<p>Since March 2007, there have been controversial discussions about the inclusion of parts of the northern Steigerwald Nature Park in UNESCO&#39;s World Heritage Programme by their conversion into a Steigerwald National Park. A study by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation lists those parts of the Steigerwald that are considered particularly worthy of protection because of the presence of very rare stands of beech-forest and their great variety of species. According to this proposal around 11,000 hectares, which accounts for just under 9% of the national forest, should be converted into a national park. The interest groups of private and corporate forest owners, forestry and agriculture and people from across the political spectrum are trying to do this with particular regard to preventing the loss of jobs.</p><br>
<h3>Proponents</h3><br>
<p>One of the first and most famous proponents of the Steigerwald National Park is Bernhard Grzimek, along with the German forest scientist, Georg Sperber. At the end of April 2008, nature conservation clubs established the Friends of the Steigerwald National Park (Freundeskreis Pro Nationalpark Steigerwald), to collaboratively promote the national park idea. Within this grouping, nine regional and national interest groups are active, including the Federation for Nature Conservation in Bavaria, the State Federation for the Protection of Birds in Bavaria and the WWF Germany (as of 13 Nov 2010). Since early October 2009, the group has run an information office in the market town of Ebrach</p><br>
<h3>Opponents</h3><br>
<p>Shortly beforehand, opponents of the national park had founded Our Steigerwald (Unser Steigerwald e.V.). Its members include over 3,000 private individuals (as at July 2010), 17 organizations such as the Bavarian Forest Owners&#39; Association, various regional groups of the Bavarian Farmers Association and the Forestry Association of Lower Franconia as well as 14 of the communities that are envisaged to be in the national park area (as of 13 Nov 2010). Instead of a national park, opponents are voting for the stepping-stone approach by the Bavarian State Forests: that the Ebrach Forestry Commission takes part of the forest area out of use and links these stepping stones in the state forestry areas into a network connected by corridors. The remaining forest area would continue to be cultivated.</p><br>
<h3>Current situation</h3><br>
<p>The Bavarian Environment Minister, Markus Söder, sees no future in a Steigerwald National Park as long as it is not supported by the general population. That this is currently not the case in the Steigerwald itself was stated by Söder in early November 2010 at the ceremony celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Bavarian Forest National Park.</p><br>
<p>Joppenbergh Mountain is a nearly 500 ft mountain in Rosendale Village, a hamlet in the town of Rosendale, in Ulster County, New York. The mountain is composed of a carbonate bedrock overlain by glacially deposited material. It was named after Rosendale&#39;s founder, Jacob Rutsen, and mined throughout the late 19th century for dolostone that was used in the manufacture of natural cement. Extensive mining caused a large cave-in on December 19, 1899, that destroyed equipment and collapsed shafts within Joppenbergh. Though it was feared that several workers had been killed, the collapse happened while all the miners were outside, eating lunch. Since the collapse, the mountain has experienced shaking and periodic rockfalls.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1930s, Joppenbergh became the site of several ski jumping competitions, which continued until the early 1940s. The original slope was designed by Harold Schelderup for Rosendale&#39;s first competition in 1937; Schelderup himself skied that July, after the slope was coated with borax for a summer competition. Several Olympic skiers participated in the competitions. Skiing began again in the 1960s, when a new slope was built on the mountain, and the revived competitions continued until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The town of Rosendale considered buying land near the mountain in 2003 for parking, and the following year, the town leased a tract of land to build a municipal parking lot. Joppenbergh was put up for sale in 2009, and in March 2011, the Open Space Institute (OSI) offered to purchase the entire 117 acre property and sell it to the town. The Rosendale town board initially agreed to the deal the following month, with payment planned to come from a surplus fund. That June, however, the board found that the surplus fund had already been exhausted and could not cover the entire cost of the purchase. Ultimately, the OSI completed its purchase of Joppenbergh in October 2011, without town money.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Joppenbergh is named after Colonel Jacob Rutsen, born Jacobsen Rutger van Schoonderwoerdt. Rutsen was a merchant, and the son of a Dutch immigrant, from Albany; he founded the first settlement in what is now the town of Rosendale, New York, in the late 17th century. The spelling of the mountains name has been disputed, and has been rendered as Joppenberg and Joppenburgh. It has also been called Jacobs Nose, Jacob&#39;s Mount, and, in an early 18th-century deed, Jobsenbright.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Sources differ on whether Joppenbergh is 485 ft or 495 ft. Both measurements give Joppenbergh a lower elevation than the highest point in the town of Rosendale, a 600 ft peak of the Shawangunk Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The bedrock underlying the mountain is composed of limestone and dolostone members of the Helderberg Group, laid during the Paleozoic era. Most of the Helderberg carbonates in Rosendale are located north of the Rondout Creek, and have given Rosendale a karst topography, resulting in "sink holes, disappearing streams, caves, and springs". The mountains surface is composed of unconsolidated, glacially deposited outwash and till, with several outcrops exposing Joppenberghs bedrock. Soils have been mapped as Farmington-Rock outcrop complex. In some areas, the soil depth is less than 20 in, which hinders groundwater filtration. Other parts of the mountain have a steep, 30 percent grade. These areas, comprising nearly 75 percent of the 117 acre property, cannot be easily developed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Mining collapses</h3><br>
<p>In 1825, engineers working on the Delaware and Hudson Canal found large numbers of dolostone rocks in the region, which enabled the production of natural cement. The rocks contained dolomite of the Upper Silurian&#39;s Rondout formation. Joppenbergh was rich in the mineral, and was mined. Several quarries operated on the mountain, including the New York and Rosendale Cement Company, and the James Cement Company. No one company had complete control of the entire mountain.</p><br>
<p>By late December 1899, mining had compromised Joppenbergh&#39;s integrity enough to cause a series of landslides, followed by a large cave-in on December 19. the collapse happened while all 150 men were outside of the mountain, eating lunch.</p><br>
<p>The collapse rendered the canal and nearby road impassable, Shortly after the landslides, "swarms of gawking spectators" Frequent rockfalls as a result of mining led to calls to destroy the mountain in 1907.</p><br>
<h3>Skiing competitions</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the 1930s the tourist industry in Rosendale flourished, generating almost $700,000 each year between spring and autumn. The Rosendale Township Association, founded in 1934 to encourage tourism in the town, sought out new activities to attract tourists to Rosendale during the winter. In 1936 the association asked a Brooklyn-based telemark skiing club to build its new 40 m ski jumping slope in Rosendale. The group leased Joppenbergh from owner Warren Sammons.</p><br>
<p>Rosendales first ski jumping competition Bad weather caused the cancellation of competitive events, but a skiing exhibition still occurred. That April, the Telemark club held a special dinner in Brooklyn to honor members who performed well in the January competition. The club planned to hold a summer competition by covering the mountain with "straw and pine needles". performed in the summer tournament. Joppenberghs ski track was coated with borax, and the tournament was held on July 18, 1937 at 2:30 in the afternoon, with enough parking provided for 500 cars. In front of a crowd of 3,300 people, "jumpers took off from an in-run covered with borax and landed on a hill covered with mats and carpets topped with straw and borax".</p><br>
<p>Olympic skier Ottar Satre set a record jump of 112 ft in 1937. The following year a 25 ft extension was placed atop the mountain to increase jumpers distance. Although Satres 112 ft record was expected to be beaten by more than 30 ft, the winner of the January 23, 1938 competition was Norwegian skier Nils Eie, who jumped only 128 ft. Harold Schelderup also participated in the competition, which was held the week after he won a separate tournament in White Plains. Another Joppenbergh tournament was planned for March 7, 1938. Competitions were held in 1940 and 1941. The length of the slope was increased to 50 m in 1941, but the United States&#39; entrance into World War II caused skiers to enter the military, and competitions were not held after the war.</p><br>
<p>Skiing resumed on Joppenbergh in the 1960s. Competitions were held January 22, 1967 and January 27, 1968. The winner of the 1968 tournament was Per Coucheron, a 22-year-old Dartmouth student who reached 206 ft. The slope was icy prior to the competition; a snowmaking machine was used the night before the jump, and club members, as well as the competitors themselves, "help manicure the slope". When the jump began, the slope was in fine condition.</p><br>
<p>The Rosendale Outing Ski Club organized a competition on January 25 and 26, 1969, attended by a crowd of 3,000 people. Olympic medalist Franz Keller jumped 212 ft down a 65 m slope on Joppenbergh, though he managed to reach 214 ft during practice. It had rained the week before the competition, and although 20 truckloads of snow were brought in, the condition of the track was "extremely fast". Several participants fell, and one was brought to a hospital in Kingston.</p><br>
<p>A jump took place on January 18, 1970, the same year that the Rosendale Outing Ski Club became part of the Rosendale Nordic Ski Club. The new club organized Rosendales final skiing competition, which took place on February 6 and 7, 1971. Kellers 212 ft record was broken twice on February 6, by Middlebury College student Hugh Barber. The 185 lb Barber reached heights of 213 ft Consistently unfavorable weather conditions and a lack of profitability were the major reasons skiing stopped on Joppenbergh; the poor design of the slope, as well as infighting among ski club members, also contributed. The JMC continued to own and maintain the property after skiing ceased.</p><br>
<h3>Modern use</h3><br>
<p>Periodic rockfalls continue to happen, with debris sliding down the mountain face. In 1984, State Route 213 was moved 50 ft away from Joppenbergh and closer to Rondout Creek to protect motorists. A retaining wall was put up at the foot of the mountain to prevent falling rocks from rolling onto the street. During the 1980s, Vidacable TV Systems leased part of the mountain from the JMC to set up an antenna. Cellular One considered building a 180 ft cell tower on top of Joppenbergh in 1992, but decided not to do so. Although there was public opposition to the proposal, Cellular One stated that local sentiment was not a factor in its decision against building the tower. In 1995 the mountain was studied by the New York Public Service Commission to determine a possible route for new transmission lines laid by a local energy utility.</p><br>
<p>The body of a 25-year-old substitute teacher from Kingston, Amy Glauner, was found on Joppenbergh after an October 1998 search. Police determined that she died of head trauma following a fall. Her car had been found in a parking lot by the mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the town of Rosendale considered either leasing a tract of land near Joppenbergh, or purchasing a 1+1/2 acre lot, to expand parking on Main Street. The lot belonged to former village mayor Joseph Reid, who refused to sell it to the town. Although the town board considered using eminent domain to acquire Reid&#39;s property, it agreed in June 2004 to lease the Joppenbergh property instead, for a period of 10 years, at a rate of $3,500 each year. One member of the town board opposed the deal because it would not secure the land beyond the 10-year term. The lease allowed the town to create a park by the municipal lot, Willow Kiln Park, which contains several defunct cement kilns. Willow Kiln Park has served as the setting of an art show and, following a zombie-themed street festival, a concert.</p><br>
<p>Though the JMC had been unwilling to sell its land in 2004, by December 2009 the entire mountain was put up for sale, for $500,000. Before 2009, the assessed value of the property was only about $50,000. In early March 2011, the Open Space Institute (OSI) offered to purchase the 117 acre propertywhich had, by that time, been reassessed at $240,000for $185,000, and sell it to the town for $85,000. The deal would create an easement with the town, allowing only noncommercial use of the mountain while preserving the municipal parking lot at its base. While some government officials viewed such an acquisition as a permanent solution to the hamlet&#39;s parking problems, other officials viewed the loss of tax revenue from the privately owned property to be undesirable.</p><br>
<p>More than 175 people showed up for a rancorous The town board agreed to the purchase in a 3–2 vote on April 13.</p><br>
<p>Although a 17-page but a June 2011 audit of the town&#39;s 2010 budget found that a large part of the surplus had already been used to offset budget and tax shortfalls; only $79,000 remained available.</p><br>
<p>Several local businesses considered contributing money to the mountain&#39;s purchase. Such funding would be considered surplus, and would not be subject to referendum. Owners of businesses on Main Street expressed concern at the June 1 town board meeting that the cost of parking would increase if the property was purchased by a third party. One board member estimated that without paying rent, the town would recoup the cost of the property within 12 years. Ulster County Area Transit expressed a desire to route its buses through the property, creating a connection to the Mohonk Preserve. A nonprofit organization, the Joppenbergh Mountain Preservation Association, was created in June 2011 to raise funding to purchase the mountain, the parking lot, and Willow Kiln Park.</p><br>
<p>In an effort to reduce the purchase price, the town board asked the mountains current owners to discount the final four years of rent on the parking lot, a cost of $32,000. The town considered buying only the parking lot and Willow Kiln Park, but the JMCs lawyer indicated that the 117 acre property would not be divided. Joppenbergh was a point of contention during the towns November 2011 elections, with Republicans criticizing the affair as "reflect poorly on town Democrats fiscal management skills". The town of Rosendale approached the OSI in January 2012 to renew its lease of the parking lot, which was set to expire at the end of 2013.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the OSI transferred ownership of the property to a local conservancy, the Wallkill Valley Land Trust (WVLT). An informal association of businesses, the Joppenbergh Mountain Advisory Group (JMAG), began working with the WVLT to create a land use policy. The WVLT began having monthly meetings with the JMAG, and with town and state departments; its stated goal was to combine Joppenbergh&#39;s development with the rehabilitation of the adjacent railroad trestle and subsequent expansion of the rail trail. In late September 2012, the WVLT held a hearing on a proposed land use plan that would allow deer hunting on the property beginning in 2013, and would prohibit entry into several caves on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Richard H. Mandel House is a historic home located at Bedford Hills, Westchester County, New York. It was designed by noted architect Edward Durell Stone and built between 1933 and 1935 in the International style. It is a "Z"-shaped building sited overlooking the Croton Reservoir. It is a two story, concrete block, steel frame and stucco building with a partial basement recessed into the sloping site. Located on a lot of 21 acres, the house is almost 10,000 square feet with 7 bedrooms and 4.5 bathrooms. It features a flat roof, smooth and uniform wall surfaces, lack of applied ornament, asymmetrical composition with an emphasis on horizontality, and projecting balconies and wide expanses of ribbon windows. The original owner was Richard Mandel , a member of the Mandel Brothers department store family of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Carrie Chapman Catt House, also known as Juniper Ledge, is located on Ryder Road in the town of New Castle, New York, United States. It is an Arts and Crafts-style building from the early 20th century. In 2006 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>While it is a fine example of its school of architecture, the houses primary historical value is that it was the home of suffragette Carrie Chapman Catt and her partner Mary Hay from 1919 to 1928. That period was the height of her activism; it began with the passage and ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, and continued with her founding of the League of Women Voters and advocacy of womens suffrage in other countries.</p><br>
<p>She found the house an ideal place to rest her "tired nerves" since the land was too steep to farm productively. However, later on she did start limited farming, including raising cattle and chickens, on the land, and made some significant modifications to the property. She also claimed to a group of guests during the early years of Prohibition that she had bought the land to prevent anyone from using its juniper berries to make gin.</p><br>
<p>After nine years, she and Hay, who had never embraced the rural lifestyle, moved out. The land has been further subdivided but the house remains largely intact. It is still a private residence. Composer Carmino Ravosa, who learned of Catt&#39;s residence there while researching a musical, has worked to preserve it.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The 4,670 ft&sup2; house is located on a steep 4 acre lot that slopes to the southeast in a hilly area of New Castle just north of the Ossining town line, above Saw Mill River Road (New York State Route 100) and the Taconic State Parkway a short distance to the east. The area is residential, with houses both older and newer on similarly-sized lots in the neighborhood. All are heavily wooded, with many mature trees providing shade and shielding houses from public view. A small stream, an upper tributary of the Pocantico River, flows through the property.</p><br>
<p>A long driveway curves down the slope, broken up by several ledges, to Saw Mill River Road, where an entrance post has "Juniper Ledge" incised into stone. At the house, almost the highest point of the property, it connects with a shorter drive from Ryder that serves as the main driveway today, then curves around the front lawn to the house. Among the trees planted on the property are many junipers and cedars. There is a garage to the east of the house and an in-ground swimming pool in the rear yard to its north; both date to after Catts residence and are not considered contributing resources to the propertys historic character.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house itself is roughly T-shaped, two and a half stories tall. It is built on a foundation of randomly coursed fieldstone, covered by wood shingles on the second story. Atop is a gabled roof with clipped ends pierced by two stone chimneys. A two-story service wing is on the west end and a one-story enclosed porch on the south overlooks the pool.</p><br>
<p>On the north (front) facade the second bay from the west is a gabled stone projection. An open shed roof on the first story shelters the main entrance. Above it is an offset round-arched nine-over-nine double-hung wooden sash window with a brick surround recessed into a segmental arch in the stone.</p><br>
<p>On the rest of the facade the windows are of varying heights. They are double east of the projecting bay and single west of it. All are set with double-hung six-over-six sash in plain wooden surrounds and flanked by board-and-batten shutters.</p><br>
<p>The porch on the south facade is supported by large stone piers and enclosed with aluminum window panels. On the east gable end are windows similar to those on the front. The west wing has larger windows; some slide open.</p><br>
<p>At the attic level, there is a small four-light casement window in the projecting bay on the north. A semicircular vent window is in the east gable. The eaves are wide and overhanging, with some exposed rafters. One gabled dormer window on each side pierces the roof; they are set with six-light casements.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Underneath the shed roof on the front the main entrance has a French door. Behind them, a small hallway leads to doors to the study and service wing, with a double door to the living room on the west, and an open stair. Neoclassicism is the predominant decorative mode—the stairway&#39;s newel post is Doric, and the dining room has a pilastered mantelpiece. The living room, extending into the western wing, has a Colonial Revival mantelpiece and double doors to the dining room and south porch.</p><br>
<p>In the service wing are the kitchen and the former butlers pantry, now outfitted as a supplementary kitchen. A stair leads to bedrooms that were originally servants quarters. In the main house, the second floor has four beds and two baths. The attic is partially finished, and the basement unfinished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Catt&#39;s life prior to her purchase of the property had much to do with why she chose to buy it. She was not always present during her nine years there, but they were nonetheless some of the most productive of her life. Since her tenure it has remained largely as she left it.</p><br>
<h3>1859–1919: Earlier life of Catt</h3><br>
<p>Born Carrie Lane in Wisconsin and raised on her family&#39;s farm near Charles City, Iowa, Catt earned a degree from Iowa State University and went to work as first a high school principal, then a school district superintendent. Her first husband, Leo Chapman, a newspaper editor, died shortly after their 1885 marriage.</p><br>
<p>She had become involved in the movement for women&#39;s suffrage. When she remarried, her new husband, George Catt, a wealthy bridge designer and builder who supported suffrage as much as she did, made an agreement with her to let her work for at least four months a year on suffrage. Eventually she became involved with the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), the leading group campaigning for it, and succeeded Susan B. Anthony as its president in 1900.</p><br>
<p>By then the Catts were living in Midtown Manhattan. She stepped down from NAWSA&#39;s presidency when George became ill in 1904. He died the next year, followed by Anthony in 1906. Left financially secure by his will, she moved to a more luxurious apartment on Central Park West and became active in NAWSA again.</p><br>
<p>In 1915 she returned to NAWSA and was re-elected president. She geared the organizations strategy toward what would later become the "Winning Plan", that of lobbying more states to grant women the vote in order to build momentum for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing womens suffrage in federal elections as well. The organization had over two million members in 1917 when the USA entered World War I and she put suffrage aside to support the war effort.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 she saw Juniper Ledge, the name given the property by its previous owners, for the first time. While some sources put its construction date at 1897, 1910 appears far more likely. At the time the growing use of the automobile was beginning to bring suburbanization to the interior of northern Westchester County the way the railroad already had to the county&#39;s southern half and the towns along the Hudson River. The many old farms in the area were being subdivided into large residential lots where the occupants derived their income from commuting to jobs in the city instead of farming.</p><br>
<p>Catt initially saw Juniper Ledge the same way. "I am in love with the place," she wrote of the property. "It is isolated, quiet, restful, and gives promise of fun. There isn&#39;t much of any level land; God designed it for tired nerves not profit." At the time of her purchase the house sat on 13 acre.</p><br>
<p>Shortly before she bought it, Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, granting women the right to vote. This earned her a congratulatory telegram from President Woodrow Wilson. It still needed to be ratified by three-quarters of the states, and accordingly she traveled the country making speeches and appearing at rallies to that end. During that time, she realized that it was not enough for women to have the vote—many would be voting for the first time, and would need to be supplied with information on which to base their vote but how to play a role in the shaping of public policy. Accordingly, she founded the League of Women Voters (LWV).</p><br>
<h3>1919–1928: Catt in residence</h3><br>
<p>At Juniper Ledge she lived with her partner Mary Garret "Mollie" Hay, who lived in and tended the property. Despite her earlier judgement about the land being unsuitable for farming and her finding that the soil was thin and rocky, she and Hay included provisions for some farming among the improvements they made to the property. They improved the driveway and stream, graded the ledgetops, planted gardens and began raising some chickens and cows. "It is mine for better or worse," she told her biographer, Mary Gray Peck.</p><br>
<p>Peck herself was impressed with the effort. "Turning through a stone gateway and climbing through a steep grade to the house," she wrote of a visit that summer, "one beheld wide lawn, flower borders, terraced hillside, great outcropping rocks, spire-like junipers, forest trees, old apple trees, and at the end of the climb one looked out over a long and misty valley spread out below, and became aware of the murmur of water as it fell from ledge to ledge down the hill."</p><br>
<p>In August 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified by enough states to make it part of the Constitution. The goal of Catts last several decades was accomplished, but she was not finished. In addition to launching the LWV, she began working for womens suffrage internationally through the International Women&#39;s Suffrage Alliance, which she had helped establish in 1904. She remained its president through 1923.</p><br>
<p>The house became a frequent gathering place for Catt&#39;s fellow activists. In June 1921, The New York Times covered a picnic held by a hundred LWV members from New York City to welcome her back from a trip to the West, where she had accepted honorary law degrees from Iowa State, her alma mater, and the University of Wyoming, which had been the first to grant women the vote. She and the guests visited 14 trees on the property to which Catt had affixed bronze plaques in memory or honor of key suffragists like Esther Hobart Morris and LWV president Maud Wood Park.</p><br>
<p>The trees, or at least some of them, were important to Catt for other reasons. Like many suffragists, she had campaigned for Prohibition, also at that time recently enshrined in the Constitution as the Eighteenth Amendment. Since the berries of the juniper trees were the main ingredient in gin, she told her guests, she had bought the property to make sure they would never be used for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>Her activism continued. She cowrote a history of the suffrage movement, and continued to travel to Europe and South America for the cause. On one trip, in 1923, she was introduced to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and personally confronted him about the issue. During her times away, Hay, who felt isolated and lonely at Juniper Ledge, instead rented an apartment in New York.</p><br>
<p>When she was back at the house, Catt devoted much of her time to the property. At some point during her ownership, she built a house for her chauffeur and added the west wing of the house. She also continued actively farming and gardening it. A 1923 article in Today&#39;s Housewife takes note of her memorial grove and describes her "every summer wearing for the most part of the day a wide brimmed hat and summer dress, out among her flowers and vegetables, happy to be back upon the land and to take an interest in crops and stock."</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s, she broadened her activism. Resuming her prewar interest in promoting world peace, she founded the Committee for the Cause and Cure of War in 1925. In 1926 she was among 600 people invited to a meeting at the White House which helped resolve a dispute with Mexico and averted war.</p><br>
<p>That summer both she and Hay had suffered from poor health at Juniper Ledge. Since her partner had never warmed to country life the way she had, Catt agreed after 1927 that they would sell the house and move somewhere more to their mutual liking. At first they considered moving to Arizona or California, and looked at houses there, but after realizing that they wanted to be close to New York City decided instead to stay in Westchester, buying a cottage near Long Island Sound in New Rochelle. They most likely took the bronze plaques from the trees with them; 9 of the plaques were preserved by suffragist and archivist Edna Stantial, and today are part of at the, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.</p><br>
<p>Hay died of a cerebral hemorrhage shortly after the move. Her death at first had adverse effects on Catt, who suffered a shingles outbreak and then a heart attack. She recovered enough to live until a second heart attack in 1947, although her activism and public life were more limited during those years. Catt and Hay are buried next to each other in the Bronx&#39;s Woodlawn Cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>1929–present: Subdivision and preservation</h3><br>
<p>After Catt and Hay, the property was further subdivided. The Taconic State Parkway was opened through most of Westchester County by the early 1930s, making it easier to commute by car into the city via the Taconic and the Bronx River Parkway. Land values in areas near parkway exits, like Juniper Ledge, went up as more people sought to live as Catt had. Much of the houses original land was disposed of this way over the next decades, including a parcel with the chauffeurs house, later extensively modified. Eventually only 4 acre of Catt&#39;s original land were left.</p><br>
<p>The house itself passed through a variety of hands. Among them were Walter and May Large, who became known locally for their involvement in town activities and generosity, particularly to residents of the nearby hamlet of Millwood. May Large helped found a local women&#39;s neighborhood club.</p><br>
<p>In the early 21st century, the houses past again came to light. Carmino Ravosa, a composer best known for his work on the childrens television shows Captain Kangaroo and Shining Time Station, was researching a musical about Briarcliff Manor when he learned of Catts residence in the area. He was familiar with her life from another musical he had written, and began working to have the house preserved and designated as a landmark. "roviding it is saved," he said, "this house may be the most important thing Ive done."</p><br>
<p>His efforts were rewarded with the state and national register listings in 2004. However, shortly afterward the owner expressed interest in selling the house, and Ravosa began working to find a buyer who would respect its historic importance and maintain it in that form (the only significant change by then had been the enclosure of the porch, which had not come at the expense of any original element of the house). In 2011 the New Castle Town Board recognized it as a local landmark as well.</p><br>
<p>The Greeley House is located at King  and Senter streets in downtown Chappaqua, New York, United States. It was built about 1820 and served as the home of newspaper editor and later presidential candidate Horace Greeley from 1864 to his death in 1872. In 1979 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with several other properties nearby related to Greeley and his family.</p><br>
<p>Built in the 1820s as a typical small farmhouse, it was expanded in the mid-19th century. Greeley, editor of the New-York Tribune, settled in Chappaqua shortly before the Civil War in the mid-19th century, living there with his family primarily during the summer. After a mob of citizens opposed to Greeley&#39;s abolitionist editorial stance threatened his wife at their earlier "House in the Woods," Greeley bought the farmhouse and moved his family there, near the hundred acres (40 ha) where he ran a small farm and practiced experimental agricultural techniques.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Greeley built a mansion called "Hillside House" to live in, but died along with his wife shortly after the 1872 presidential election, where he ran on the Liberal Republican line against incumbent Ulysses S. Grant, so his children lived there instead, pioneering the suburban lifestyle that was later to define Chappaqua and its neighboring communities. Both of Greeley&#39;s other houses burned down later in the 19th century, leaving the Greeley House the only one extant.</p><br>
<p>It, too, was almost demolished after falling into serious neglect in the early 20th century. After its restoration in 1940, it was used as a restaurant and gift shop. Following another restoration effort in the early 21st century, it is now the offices of the New Castle Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house is located on a one-third-acre (0.3 acre) lot in the corner between the two streets, at the bottom of a steep hill King descends from the east. It is at the eastern edge of downtown Chappaqua, an unincorporated hamlet of the town of New Castle nestled in a level area of a hilly region. The Saw Mill River, paralleled closely by the eponymous parkway and Metro-North Railroad&#39;s Harlem Line, are in a corridor 600 ft to the west.</p><br>
<p>To its west are one-story commercial buildings interspersed with parking lots. North and east, going uphill on King, are a church on the same side of the street, followed by houses of more modern construction. The local fire department headquarters are on the southeast, with New Castle&#39;s community center across Senter Street buffering the baseball fields beyond.</p><br>
<p>A white wooden picket fence with a gate sets off the house from the sidewalk. The building itself is a two-story five-by-three-bay timber frame structure on a brick foundation sided in clapboard and topped by a shingled gabled roof pierced by two brick chimneys. A two-story flat-roofed extension projects from the south (rear) facade.</p><br>
<p>On the north (front) face, a two-story porch runs the full width of the house. Wooden steps lead up to it from the west, with a brick wheelchair ramp and modern aluminum railings providing access to the wooden deck from the east. Square wooden pillars rising to a molded cornice support the balustraded balcony level. The main entrance, at the west side, has a paneled wooden door flanked by two sidelights.</p><br>
<p>The windows are all set with six-over-six double-hung sash protected by a layer of storm glass, with minimal wooden sills and lintels. They are smaller on the first floor&#39;s north. All are flanked by louvered wooden shutters. At the east gable apex, split by the chimney, are two louvered lunettes; opposite there are just two more smaller six-over-six windows, with the middle bay on that facade left blind. The roofline is marked by a plain frieze and overhanging eave on the east and west sides.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house follows a sidehall plan. The front room was originally the parlor, used for entertaining visitors, with the rear devoted to the dining room. The kitchen, with a small pantry, is in the rear. A small music room is on the north.</p><br>
<p>Behind it are the stairs to the second floor. Above the pantry is a small bedroom, originally the maid&#39;s. Two larger bedrooms occupy the rest of the floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house has passed through four distinct periods. After its construction around 1820 as a modest farmhouse, Horace Greeley expanded it around the time of his arrival. His daughters maintained it after his death but largely lived elsewhere; since they sold it has been restored twice after nearly being demolished in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<h3>1820–1853: Before the Greeleys</h3><br>
<p>The house was built by a farmer named Haviland around 1820. At the time it was a fairly simple, plain farmhouse, typical of the location and the period. While it was located on the main road through the area,</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the century the Harlem Valley Railroad, later part of the New York Central, was built along the Saw Mill River. The connection to New York changed Chappaqua&#39;s economy in two ways. The first was more immediately felt. Its farmers now had easy access to the markets of New York City to the south and began raising cash crops for it. Slowly the station and the neighborhood around it displaced the meetinghouse and its environs as the center f of social and public life in Chappaqua.</p><br>
<h3>1853–1872: Horace Greeley and his farm</h3><br>
<p>The railroad also drew city residents to Chappaqua. In the early 1850s the Haviland house was extended by a third and its exterior decorated with the piazza-style porch and balcony, Victorian mantles and French windows. Similar decorative woodwork was added inside. In 1853, Horace Greeley, the editor of the New-York Tribune, bought the first part of what would eventually become a 78 acre farm nearby, much of it developed for that purpose either by Greeley himself or under his supervision to use as an experimental farm, testing new agricultural techniques he wrote about in his column.</p><br>
<p>Originally the farm was intended to be a summer residence for the Greeley family. His wife Mary, who like her husband was still distraught over the death of the couple&#39;s five-year-old son a year or so earlier, had insisted that any such property had to have a spring-fed babbling brook, evergreen forest and be near the railroad. The Chappaqua property met two of those conditions, with a small bog standing in for the spring and brook.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Greeley continued his advocacy for abolition in the Tribune&#39;s editorial pages. A mob angered by this threatened the house, and Mary was prepared to blow it up if that happened again during the 1863 New York City draft riots. The next year, he bowed to her complaints and bought the Haviland house, conspicuously located on the main road, from the estate of Caleb Sands, its later owner. The Greeleys continued its expansion, adding a music room to the north end. Still, the family lived in the house only during summers, shipping the piano up with them every spring. Greeley himself could only enjoy the house on weekends, due to the demands of his editorial position at the Tribune.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Greeley continued to farm the property and test new agricultural methods. In 1870, a bumper crop of apples resulted in Greeley making more cider than he was able to sell. Later that year, on a hillside corner of the farm, now expanded to a hundred acres (40 ha), he built the first concrete barn in the nation. It was later converted into a house and named Rehoboth, also listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Greeley began planning and building a new family home, Hillside House, located a short distance down the entrance road to the farm (which has since been extended and paved as Senter Street). It was completed in 1872, but before moving in he accepted the nomination of the Democratic and Liberal Republican parties to run against incumbent Ulysses S. Grant in that years presidential election. After accepting the nominations he held a large picnic reception and luncheon on the southern portion of the farm, the land now the large lawn in front of Saint Mary. Mary Greeley died a few days before the election, in which Grant was the clear victor. The combination of those two events had a deleterious effect on Greeleys own health, and he died a few weeks later, before all the votes had been counted, the only time that has happened to a major presidential candidate.</p><br>
<h3>1873–1926: Gabrielle Greeley and subdivision</h3><br>
<p>Now orphaned, the two Greeley daughters nevertheless returned to Chappaqua in the summer of 1873. They were accompanied by their older cousin, Cecilia Cleveland, and her mother. Cecilia later wrote a memoir of that summer in which she extolled the joys of the house, with its city amenities and country setting. It was a place where one could "dream away an entire morning", one she did not want to leave at the end of the season for the busier city. Her narrative depicts the emergence of an early suburban lifestyle, one that was going to continue all over Westchester County during the next decades. When the Greeleys had come to Chappaqua two decades earlier, they were practically alone in living this way. Since then others had discovered it, and Westchester had become a summer suburb.</p><br>
<p>After that summer was over, Ida and Gabrielle moved into Hillside House. In 1875, the "House in the Woods" burned down, shortly before Ida married. Seven years later, she died. In 1890, Hillside House also burned down, leaving the old farmhouse the only one of Horace Greeleys three Chappaqua homes standing. Two years later, Gabrielle Greeley and her husband, The Rev. Frank Glendenin, pastor of St. Peters Episcopal Church in Manhattan, hired Ralph Adams Cram to remodel Rehoboth into a house. It became one of the centers of the increasingly more suburban community&#39;s social life.</p><br>
<p>Early in the new century, the Glendenins began breaking up the farm. By 1900 the original railroad station (a few hundred feet north of the current stations platforms) was no longer adequate for the growing communitys needs. Gabrielle settled a dispute over where to locate a new station by donating land on the southwest corner of the farm that was used to construct a new station, opened in 1902 and now itself listed on the National Register. She stipulated that the area in front of it be left as a park to honor her father.</p><br>
<p>A year afterwards, the Glendenins daughter Muriel died at the age of five. They commissioned architect Morgan OBrien to build a memorial chapel to her based on a medieval English church, Saint Mary the Virgin, outside London. It was completed in 1906 on the 4 acre parcel where her father had held his campaign picnic over 40 years earlier. Eight years later the memorial sculpture to Horace Greeley was installed in the small park across from the train station; in 1916 the Glendenins transferred the chapel to the Episcopal Diocese of New York, again with some stipulations, including one that they and their children be buried behind the church.</p><br>
<h3>1927–present: Restoration and subdivision</h3><br>
<p>Gabrielle and her husband held on to the rest of the farm property until the late 1920s. She sold the house in 1926, ending 62 years of Greeley ownership. The rest of the farm was sold to a developer the next year, and subdivided into the commercial downtown it is now, completing the transformation of Chappaqua from the quiet country place to which Horace Greeley had escaped to practice farming into a modern suburb whose residents still lived in natural surroundings on large lots but commuted daily to jobs in the city.</p><br>
<p>With the onset of the Great Depression of the 1930s the house was neglected and fell into disrepair. By 1940 it was looking as if it might have to be demolished. It was saved by two residents, who commissioned a local architect to preside over a restoration that year. One of them, Gladys Capen Mills, lived on the second floor and ran a small gift shop downstairs. For some of that time the kitchen was also used as a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 a local family bought it and expanded the gift shop to use the entire house, remodeling the interior for that purpose and adding the flat-roofed south addition. They remained in business there until 1998. After they closed, the New Castle Historical Society bought it. Throughout the first decade of the 21st century, two architects oversaw another restoration of the house, to an appearance closer to that which it had had during the Greeley era. It has been the society&#39;s offices since then.</p><br>
<p>Rehoboth is a historic former barn located on Aldridge Road in Chappaqua, New York, United States. It is a concrete structure that has been renovated into a house with some Gothic Revival decorative elements. In 1979 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was designed and built in the mid-19th century by newspaper editor and activist Horace Greeley as one of the agricultural experiments he dabbled in, testing whether concrete would make a good building material for farms. It was one of the first concrete structures in the country, and the first concrete barn. Greeley was so satisfied with the result he predicted that he would be remembered for it if nothing else.</p><br>
<p>Two decades after Greeleys death, his daughter Gabrielle and her husband, The Rev. Frank Clendenin, pastor of a New York City Episcopal church, commissioned architect Ralph Adams Cram to remodel it into their house, which he named Rehoboth. They lived there for the rest of their lives, the remodeled house becoming one of the centers of Chappaquas social life as it completed its metamorphosis from country town to suburb. It has remained a private home since then.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house&#39;s 1.8 acre lot is on the east side of Aldridge, a dead-end street,</p><br>
<p>Aldridge traverses a hill that rises steeply from the west, where downtown Chappaqua is located on one of the few level areas amid this generally hilly portion of Westchester County. To the east are similar residential lots on South Bedford Road (New York State Route 117). West, at the base of the hill, are Robert E. Bell Middle School and the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, another Register-listed property that was built by the Greeleys in memory of a daughter who died in childhood.</p><br>
<p>The driveway begins south of the house, goes east then turns north towards a carport, then east again. The house itself is set further back than its neighbors, at an angle slightly offset to the east. It is a three-story structure of two-foot-thick (2 ft) load-bearing concrete walls topped with a steep gabled roof covered in shingles. Two chimneys pierce the roof. A small modern two-bay garage is attached to the north end. A two-story enclosed porch projects from the north end of the east (rear) facade.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration on the west (front) facade consists of three six-over-six double-hung sash windows on both stories, one near the north end and the other two closer to the south. They have plain sills and lintels. In the bay above the main entrance, on the second story, is an eight-over-eight double-hung sash window half the height of the others.</p><br>
<p>On the north and south facades there are two similar windows on the first and second stories, spaced closer on the lower floor. In the gable apex are three smaller pointed-arch windows. A metal ladder descends from the easternmost on the north facade. The south facade is similar but has a double window on the west side and a projecting two-story bay window on the east.</p><br>
<p>Just south of a single exposed basement window, wooden steps climb up to enter a projecting gabled vestibule from the north. It has four-over-four double-hung sash on all three sides, and glass in the west side of the gable. The entrance doors are in pointed arches.</p><br>
<p>They open into a large reception hall with tiled floor, and curving staircase. The pointed-arch motif is repeated in the door panels, banister spindles and on the chimney breasts of the fireplaces. The living room is the size of a ballroom, with exposed beams on its 13 ft ceilings and an exposed chimney.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1850s, Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune and a former congressman, bought a house in Chappaqua near the New York and Harlem Railroad station. In addition to giving his family a quiet and cool place to escape the city during hot summers, he also bought some land in the vicinity to use as a small farm, where he tested experimental agricultural techniques he had become aware of. His weekly column in the paper on the results of these tests made the Tribune one of the most widely read papers in rural America at that time.</p><br>
<p>One of the things he also wanted to test was whether concrete would be a good material for ancillary farm buildings, such as barns. At the time it was not known whether it would be able to withstand colder winters common in places like Chappaqua. Despite his lack of architectural experience, Greeley designed a dairy barn for his property to be built of concrete. He took advantage of the slope of the land to construct a building with entrances at all three of its levels—the top for hay, the second for cattle, and the ground floor for storage and waste removal. The model saved labor and money, and would be widely copied by others.</p><br>
<p>The barn became an attraction, drawing people to visit Chappaqua from far away. Greeley was proud of it, and considered it his finest accomplishment. "I calculate that this barn will be abidingly useful," he wrote in his autobiography, "long after I shall have been utterly forgotten." It remained standing and sound after his death in 1872, following his unsuccessful run for president.</p><br>
<p>Twenty years later, Greeleys daughter Gabrielle and her husband, The Rev. Frank Clendenin, who had when in Chappaqua been living in the familys old farmhouse in what is now downtown, decided to move. They commissioned architect Ralph Adams Cram, who at that time had just completed the Episcopal Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in Manhattan, to remodel the barn into a house.</p><br>
<p>On the exterior, his changes followed the neo-Gothic style of the church. He added a stepped gable and put shed dormer windows in the roof. He also added the pointed-arched attic windows, and put the same motif on the interior decor. Clendenin, pastor of another Manhattan Episcopal Church, St. Peter&#39;s, suggested the Biblical name "Rehoboth", meaning "wide open place" in Hebrew.</p><br>
<p>The Clendenins&#39; move into the completed house mirrored the changes that were taking place in Chappaqua as a whole. The country town she had moved into with her family as a child was becoming a suburb, its farms being subdivided into homes for prosperous individuals who commuted by train to their jobs in the city, much as Gabrielle Greeley finally sold the remnant of her family farm to developers in the late 1920s who turned it into what is now downtown. Rehoboth, and especially its large ballroom, became the site of a number of important social events in the changing community, from dances and parties to political lectures and community meetings. The Clendenins lived there until their deaths in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The last major change to the property occurred after the deaths. In 1954, a later owner had the stepped gable and shed dormers removed, restoring to some extent the building&#39;s appearance when it had been a barn. At some point since it was listed on the Register the rear porch has been added.</p><br>
<p>The Aaron Copland House, also known as Rock Hill or Copland House, is on Washington Street in Cortlandt Manor, New York, United States. It was built in the 1940s and was the home of composer Aaron Copland for the last 30 years of his life. In 2003, the house and its garage were listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and five years later, in 2008, they were designated a National Historic Landmark, the only one in the country connected to a figure from the world of classical music.</p><br>
<p>Copland began retreating to the country during weekends and summers in the 1930s. He found the experience of rural living beneficial to his composing, and after a series of residences, purchased the modernist ranch-style house in the 1960s to live there full-time. Its style has been described as consistent with Copland&#39;s music. After his death in 1990, the Copland Heritage Association, now Copland House, Inc., was established to preserve the building. It has established a composer-in-residence program in the house.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The 2.5 acre Rock Hill property is on the south side of Washington Street in the Town of Cortlandt, a mile (1.6 km) east of the hamlet of Crugers on the Hudson River. Amalfi Drive circles around the rear. Its driveway is opposite Laura Court. The surrounding neighborhood is residential, with larger, newer houses on large lots amid the gently rolling, wooded terrain.</p><br>
<p>A curving driveway leads up from Washington Street, where a rock with metal letters spelling out "Rock Hill" and a plain white metal mailbox, to a parking area at the west. The wooded property has several landscaped areas and rock gardens scattered around it. Several species of trees uncommon to the area have been planted within.</p><br>
<p>The house itself is at the highest point of the property, a rock promontory in the middle of the wooded, terraced lot. It is a one-story, L-shaped timber frame structure on a stone and mortar foundation, exposed on the north and south sides, on the latter of which it projects several feet to accommodate Copland&#39;s studio, which has a wooden deck on the east side. Vertical clapboard siding rises to an asphalt roof, vaulted with a small flat area at the northwest corner. Stone chimneys rise on either end. There is a small kitchen wing on the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration consists primarily of picture windows arranged around the exterior. The projecting studio on the south side has glass walls on the south and west. On the west end, slate steps rise to a slate terrace, where the main entrance is located. A second stone stair rises from the parking area on the northwest to a wood staircase which ends at a secondary entrance on the kitchen wing.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the rectangular house has approximately 2,300 ft&sup2; of floor space. It has six rooms altogether, divided by a full-length central hall. Each room has at least three windows, either double-hung sash or picture windows. On the walls is artwork from Copland&#39;s collection, primarily work of artists he was friends with.</p><br>
<p>The most significant of the rooms is the 17 by studio, with carpeted hardwood flooring, the dramatic views to the south and west through the glass walls, and bookshelves with many of Coplands personal library on the east side and a collection of recorded American music. Its main furnishing is Coplands grand piano, his work desk made for him by a local farmer, a wooden chair given to the composer by Harvard University and an upholstered armchair in which he was sometimes photographed.</p><br>
<p>Across the hallway is the 12 by master bedroom. It has a queen-size bed with two adjoining tables and lamps and plaster walls. In bookshelves under the windows are Coplands collections of music journals, dating back to the September 1924 issue of The Musical Quarterly, which had Coplands first published article. The adjacent similarly-sized library has full-height bookshelves, some of which are large enough to hold full scores of compositions by Copland and the composers who have resided here since. There are also regular books on music and other subjects from Coplands collection. Its walls are otherwise covered in textured wallpaper from Coplands residency.</p><br>
<p>At the west end of the hall is the living room. It is sided in vertical knotty pine paneling and has a large fireplace, as well as several chairs of Copland&#39;s and a dining area. To its north, the kitchen wing has linoleum flooring and ridged wood paneling and drywall. It houses several kitchen appliances and a small table and chair set.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere on the central hallway are guest bedrooms and bathrooms. Stairs lead from the kitchen wing down to the partially finished basement. Copland and his assistants used the rooms there for archival and office purposes.</p><br>
<p>Near the house is a two-story garage with an attached one-bedroom apartment. It is similar in exterior and interior styling to the main house. It has not been altered since Coplands time, and is considered a contributing resource to the propertys historic character.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Brooklyn, Copland lived in cities for the early years of his professional life. After returning from three years in Paris in 1927, his career as a composer and critic took off. He traveled widely, but always returned to New York City, where he lived near what is now Lincoln Center on the Upper West Side.</p><br>
<p>As a boy, he had spent one summer at a camp in Pennsylvania&#39;s Pocono Mountains, an experience he recalled fondly in his later autobiography. The experience and the memory began leading him to spend some time each summer in the countryside outside of the city. Starting in 1929 with a month in Briarcliff Manor, it grew into six months the next year, when Copland and his then-partner Gerard Sykes took up residence in another Westchester County country town, Bedford. During that stay, he finished his early Piano Variations.</p><br>
<p>Later years of the 1930s took him to other country towns, such as Woodstock; Ridgefield, Connecticut; and Bernardsville, New Jersey. Every time, he found the experience had a beneficial effect on his composing. In 1947 he realized he would have to have a country place of his own, and took out a three-year rental on a Colonial-era house in the Rockland County hamlet of Palisades. He found it the perfect balance between the country life he desired and the proximity to the city he needed.</p><br>
<p>After two years as a visiting professor at Harvard and then Tanglewood Music Center, Copland in 1952 bought his first house, Shady Lane Farm in Ossining. There, he wrote more of the works that defined his middle career, such as the Orchestral Variations and the opera The Tender Land. By 1960, he had outgrown it, and began looking for another country home.</p><br>
<p>Victor Kraft, his partner at that time, found Rock Hill. It had been designed by a local architect 20 years earlier. "One look at the grounds," Copland said, "and I was sold! When I first saw the studio I said it looked like a room where a composer could write music. His datebook for November 1, 1960, the day he closed on the house, proudly proclaims "HOUSE BOUGHT!" He lived there for the rest of his life.</p><br>
<p>The houses aesthetics complement Coplands music. Both have what one writer calls his "simplicity, quiet dignity and rugged elegance." It blends well into the surrounding natural environment, with its prominent exterior wood (painted dark green) and stone. The stone foundation seems to blend seamlessly into the natural rock ledge underneath. The large picture windows connect the interior of the house to the surrounding woods. His only significant change was the 1962 addition of the guest apartment on the garage.</p><br>
<p>Copland maintained a regular daily schedule. He awoke, had a light breakfast, and took care of his correspondence in the morning. After lunch he received visitors, including the many younger composers he aided over the years, a personal generosity that led to him being called "The Dean of American Composers". Dinner would come in the evening, and only at night, when he felt it was better to do so, did he actually compose. In this way he composed Connotations and Inscape, large orchestral works for the New York Philharmonic, and Duo for Flute and Piano, his last major work, in 1971. Shortly after moving in he wrote his last film score, for the 1961 independent film Something Wild. In his later years Rock Hill served primarily as a base for his travels, which included many appearances guest-conducting his work at performances all over the world, and receiving honorary degrees and awards.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s his health declined, and he was unable to keep to his previous schedule. He died at a hospital in nearby North Tarrytown late in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Copland Heritage Association, newly formed to manage the house, decided to sell it. But residents of the Town of Cortlandt organized a grassroots effort to save it. As a result, the association was able to raise the $150,000 necessary for repairs. The town worked out an arrangement where it owns the house and leases it to the Copland Heritage Association (now Copland House, Inc.) for $1 a year. Once that was concluded, the Aaron Copland Fund for Music, executor of the composer&#39;s estate, and the town worked out the details of the composer-in-residence program.</p><br>
<p>Under the program, American composers who apply and are approved get three-to-eight-week stays in the house, with an allowance for food and the use of a car, while they work. They may share the house with spouses or partners, but not children or dogs. Allen Shearer was the first composer in residence in late 1998. Others have included Richard Danielpour, Derek Bermel and Judith Lang Zaimont.</p><br>
<p>The Chalcolithic Temple of Ein Gedi is a Ghassulian public building dating from about 3500 BCE. It lies atop a scarp above the oasis of Ein Gedi, on the western shore of the Dead Sea, within modern-day Israel. Archaeologist David Ussishkin has described the site as "a monumental edifice in terms of contemporary architecture".</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and excavation</h2><br>
<p>The temple was discovered in 1956 by Yohanan Aharoni during an archaeological survey of the Ein Gedi region. Yosef Naveh carried out a trial excavation in the following year, finding animal bones, flint flakes, shells and sherds identifying the site as a public building from the Chalcolithic-Ghassulian period, possibly a shrine. Systematic exploration of the temple started in 1962 under the supervision of Benjamin Mazar, part of the Ein Gedi excavations carried out by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Israel Exploration Society. No domestic ware nor remains of dwellings were found at the site, while its character and plan resemble the Chalcolithic sanctuary found in stratum XIX at Megiddo, confirming its identification as a temple.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The excavations at the temple have unearthed a compound consisting of a main building on the north, a smaller one in the east, and a small circular structure, 3 m in diameter and probably serving some cultic purpose, in the center. The entire complex was enclosed by stone walls preserved to a considerable height, linking the buildings into one rectangular unit. In the southern wall stood a gatehouse leading to the spring of Ein Gedi, and a smaller gate in the northern wall, next to the small building, led to another spring in Nahal David. Reaching the cliff walls on three sides, it appears the temple was adapted to the topography.</p><br>
<p>The main building was a broadhouse, 20 m long and 5.5 m wide, with an entrance along its long southern wall. Opposite the entrance stood a hoof-shaped niche surrounded by a stone fence. Within were found animal bones, sherds, an accumulation of ashes and the clay statuette of a bull laden with a pair of churns. These indicate the niche served as an altar. A round piece of white crystalline limestone, found at the back of the altar, may have served as the base for a statue of a deity. Stone benches stood along both long walls, while along the short walls the excavators found groups of small pits sunk into the floors. These were found to contain the remains of burnt bones, horns, pottery, and a great quantity of ash. A piece of painted plaster indicates the walls were perhaps even painted and decorated, like those from the Ghassulian type site at Teleilat al-Ghassul.</p><br>
<p>The smaller building at the eastern end of the enclosure is also a broadhouse, measuring 7.5 m by 4.5 m. Its floor was found to have been coated with a light-colored plaster and a stone bench was built along its facade. It may have served the priests of the temple, housing their vestments and ritual utensils.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse contained an inner and outer entrances, and in the gate chamber stood a stone bench, about nine to twelve inches high.</p><br>
<p>The circular installation stands at the highest point in the courtyard and features a round basin, 16 in in diameter and about 1 ft deep. In the stone wall between the smaller building and the small gate, excavators have uncovered the outlet of a channel which appears to have been used to dispose of liquids, probably water, from the installation. In the installation was also found a fragment of a cylindrical alabaster vessel, the oldest example of alabaster in Palestine. Imported from Egypt, it is indicative of cultural connections between the Ghalussian culture and pre-dynastic Egypt.</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<p>The location of the temple between two springs, the orientation of the gates and the circular structure in the courtyard indicate the cultic nature of the Temple seems to have been connected to water. Pottery found at the site is almost exclusively of four types: bowls on fenestrated pedestals, small bowls, cornets and animal figurines. This limited variety may reflect its cultic significance — bowls on fenestrated pedestals have also been found in the Chalcolithic temple in Megiddo.</p><br>
<p>The temple complex shows no evidence of various stages of construction nor of repairs, indicating it belongs to one limited period of time. All pottery finds at the site place it in the late Ghassulian stage and have parallels in pottery found in other Chalcolithic sites in the region. With no dwellings and little Calcholithic remains in the immediate vicinity, the site appears to have served as a focus for pilgrimage, serving a wide region. Excavations in the nearby Morinaga cave have yielded domestic Chalcolithic pottery, including bowls, storage jars, cornets and chalices, leading archaeologist Hanan Eshel to believe that the cave had housed the temple priests.</p><br>
<p>The site shows no sign of deliberate destruction. It appears to have been abandoned and its cultic furniture removed, carried away by the priests. Other Ghassulian sites also display signs of abandonment, and the temple may represent the last phase of the Ghassulian settlements. David Ussishkin has suggested that the Nahal Mishmar hoard, discovered 7 mi south of Ein Gedi in 1961 by Pessah Bar-Adon, was in fact the temple&#39;s cult objects. Containing 429 articles, 416 of which are copper objects including maceheads, sceptres and small crowns, the hoard forms "a unique collection of equipment for use in the Ghassulian ritual" and must have been used in a central sanctuary. It may have been hidden in Nahal Mishmar because of some calamity or approaching danger, never to be recovered. Nevertheless, there does not exist a single find to directly link the hoard to the temple at Ein Gedi. Bar-Adon has suggested some fragmentary ruins near the cave where the hoard was found might have been a comparable cultic location and a possible alternate source.</p><br>
<p>Hyatt-Livingston House was an historic home located at Dobbs Ferry, Westchester County, New York. The house started as a simple tenant-farmers dwelling about 1698. In the 18th century, it was enlarged to a five-bay, -story dwelling that now forms the central part of the house. It was of wood frame construction, with a gable roof, and sitting on a fieldstone foundation. The 2-story west wing was built by Philip Livingston  between 1779 and 1810. A monument in front of the house, placed in 1895, falsely claimed that, during the American Revolution, the house served as George Washingtons headquarters for a period in 1781.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The house was destroyed by fire on September 1, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The monument in front with the false inscription about the house having been Washington&#39;s headquarters was corrected in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Odell House is a historic home located at Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York, United States. During the American Revolutionary War, the Odell farm served as headquarters of Count de Rochambeau and campsite for the French expeditionary forces under his command from July 6 to August 18, 1781.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house consists of a -story central section erected in 1732, with flanking wings. The east wing was built in 1765 as a -story structure and raised to a full two stories in 1785. The central section and east wing are of wood-frame construction, covered with cedar wood shingles, and rest on a fieldstone foundation. The 2-story stone west wing was built between 1853 and 1855. The house features three divided Dutch doors.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the house was deeded to the New York chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Spechtensee is a lake on the southern edge of the Totes Gebirge mountains in Austria in the parish of Pürgg-Trautenfels near Wörschachwald. The lake is named after the Specht family who were formerly resident in Stainach and who lived on the so-called Specht Estate  until the end of the 19th century. The Spechtensee was part of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The lake is drained by the Wörschachbach stream, which flows through the famous Wörschachklamm gorge into the Enns valley. It has a maximum depth of eight metres, according to other sources it is eleven metres deep. The lake, which can be as warm as 23 °C in summer, is also used as a swimming lake. On its northern shore is a bathing area and in the middle of the lake a small bathing platform is anchored. In the vicinity of the lake is the Spechtensee Hut, a mountain hut belonging to the Austrian Alpine Club and there is a circular walk around the lakeside.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>On the eastern side of the lake is a fen that transitions via a quaking bog (Schwingrasen) into the open waters of the lake. There is another important quaking bog on the western lakeshore. The White Water-lily flourishes in the southern part of the lake and Signal Crayfish are bred here. Fish species occurring in the Spechtensee include the Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout as well as Tench, Rudd, Roach, Chub and Pike.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located amongst Würm Ice Age moraines that seal the bottom of the lake and have created the depression for the lake with their embankments. In addition around the lake are conglomerates of the mainly Late Cretaceous Gosau Formation.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Monument is a public monument in Portland, Maine&#39;s West End. Located on the corner of State and Congress Street, it honors poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was born in Portland in 1807. The intersection built around the monument is known as Longfellow Square.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Henry Wadsworth Longellow Monument occupies a triangular plaza formed at the southeast corner of Congress and State Streets in central Portland. The southeast side of the plaza is occupied by One Longfellow Plaza, a large office building. The monument consists of a bronze statue of Longfellow, as seen late in his life, in a seated position, which is mounted on a granite pedestal. The pedestal is about 10 ft in height, and has carved tablets on two sides, decorated with swags and garlands that frame the name "LONGFELLOW". Above these is a frieze band of anthemion and vines, with a cornice above that. The bronze statue is about 7 ft in height, with Longfellow seated in a chair whose arms end in lion&#39;s heads, and a stack of books underneath. Longfellow wears an overcoat, and a cape is draped over his lap and one shoulder. One hand holds a manuscript, while the other is propped on the chair back, while Longfellow gazes at passersby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Franklin Simmons began the design and construction of the monument in 1885, three years after the poets death, with a pedestal designed by Francis H. Fassett. The monument was unveiled on September 29, 1888. The monument is considered to be one of Simmons major commissions. The monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in April 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Deering Street Historic District is a historic district in the Downtown and Parkside neighborhoods of Portland, Maine. Encompassing all of Deering Street and much of State Street, as well as adjacent portions of Congress and Mellen Streets, it is a cohesive collection of high quality architect-designed buildings from the second half of the 19th century, that were originally predominantly residential in nature. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Deering Street is a short two-block street running parallel to Congress Street, the principal east-west street in downtown Portland. It is bisected by State Street, a major road which provides access to Congress Street from points to the north. At Deering Street&#39;s western end is Mellen Street. The historic district includes the entire length of Deering Street, all of State Street from Congress Street to Deering Oaks, and Mellen Street between Deering and Congress. It also extends a short way west of Mellen on the north side of Congress.</p><br>
<p>This area was mostly farmland until the mid-19th century, the city center to its southeast, and the port and major commercial area further east on the Falmouth peninsula. Development pressures prompted Nathaniel Deering, the landowner, to begin subdividing the area, and a few Greek Revival and Italianate homes were built in the area. Development pressure increased after Portlands great 1866 fire, after which other previously-residential areas were redeveloped commercially. With its proximity to the downtown, the Deering Street area became a fashionable residential address for merchants, businessmen, and politicians. Many houses were built on speculation, and most were designed by prominent local architects, including John Calvin Stevens, Francis H. Fassett, and George M. Harding, the latter of whom made his home on Deering Street. Notable houses in the Deering Street Historic District include 52 Deering Street (1884), an early example of Stevens important Shingle style work, The William H. Roberts, Jr. House at 15 Mellen Street (1898), one of the few remaining single family John Calvin Stevens homes on the Portland peninsula that retains its original floor plan, and the National Historic Landmark Thomas Brackett Reed House, designed by Fassett in 1876.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Rite Cathedral in Shreveport, Louisiana is a building from 1915. It was designed by noted architect Edward F. Neild in Beaux Arts style.</p><br>
<p>The building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral was completed on July 1, 1917. The grand opening ceremony was held on Monday, November 12, 1917, amid great fanfare and local interest. As part of the dedication ceremonies, the masons and their wives were treated to two organ recitals, one at 3:30 PM and the other at 8:00 PM. The guest organist was John Allen Richardson, organist and choirmaster of the St. Paul’s Episcopal Church of Chicago, Illinois. Following the second recital, a dance was held with music provided by the Shriner’s El Karubah Band and Orchestra.</p><br>
<p>Edward F. Neild, a member of the Shreveport Scottish Rite, was the architect of the Scottish Rite Cathedral. Among Mr. Neild’s many other notable achievements were his architectural contributions to the renovation of our nation’s capital in Washington D.C, the White House, and the Truman Memorial Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri. In addition, he is credited with the design of the Shriner’s Hospital for Crippled Children, also in Shreveport and the first of its kind in North America.</p><br>
<p>The Shreveport Scottish Rite Cathedral is one of the most historic and beautiful buildings in the Shreveport area. It includes a three level auditorium with a seating capacity of five hundred, a wardrobe room, a marble lobby, a pair of matching marble staircases, a kitchen, a banquet hall, a masonic library, numerous offices, a DeMolay room, a basement, and a section where children receive help through a Speech and Language Clinic Charity.</p><br>
<p>The building measures 133’1” by 110’5”.</p><br>
<p>The final cost to construct the building in 1917 was $186,477.28.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Hall is a historic commercial and fraternal society building at 313-321 Water Street in downtown Augusta, Maine. Built in 1894, it is a significant work of Boston architect John Spofford, and a good local example of restrained Renaissance Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Masonic Hall is located on the east side of Water Street, Augusta&#39;s principal downtown thoroughfare, a short way south of the junction with Winthrop Street. The building is a four-story masonry structure, built out of red brick with some granite trim. The ground floor has five storefronts, each with display windows and a recessed entrance to one side. Near the center of the building is the main entrance, set in a round-arch opening flanked by fluted pilasters. The second floor has rectangular keystoned window openings, each of which has a recessed polygonal bay window. Windows on the third and fourth floors are grouped together in columns, with patterned brickwork between, and a rounded arch above. A patterned entablature separates the upper windows from a simple cornice. The windows above the main entrance are more ornately decorated than the others.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1894 to a design by Boston architect John Spofford, and is a modest and restrained interpretation of the Renaissance Revival. Spofford was at the time already well-known for several commissions in Maine, include an expansion of the Maine State House, the Former Augusta City Hall, and the ornate Vickery Building, also in downtown Augusta.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic and Town Hall, located at 20 North Ridge Street in Port Sanilac, Michigan, was constructed as a Masonic Lodge constructed in 1884. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. Currently, no Masonic lodge meets in the building</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Port Sanilac was first settled in about 1840. In 1852, the first sawmill was established, and by 1866 Port Sanilac was a thriving village. Local Masons were meeting as early 1866, and in 1868, Sanilac Lodge No. 237 was organized with fifteen members. The Lodge met in rented quarters, and likely continued to do so through the early 1880s. In 1883, the Masons first began discussing the construction of a new Lodge building, and considered proposing a cooperative arrangement with the township that would let both parties share a single building. A member of the organization donated the land, and the Masons came to an agreement where the township would construct the foundation, and the Masons would construct the remainder of the building.</p><br>
<p>In early 1884, the Masons began advertising for bids for construction, and the cornerstone was dedicated in July. Construction was completed by July 1885.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Port Sanilac Masonic and Town Hall is a rectangular, two-story red-orange brick building on a fieldstone foundation. It has a front gable roof, hidden by a false front topped with an iron cornice. The main facade is divided into four bays by vertical brick piers. The bays have a broad, round-head sections, two of which have windows, and two of which have double doors. One set of doors leads to the first floor township offices, and the second to the upstairs Masonic lodge. The second floor facade has segmental-arch-head windows with slightly projecting two-course high brick hoods, with the original windows being two-over-two units. Dark brown bricks accent the second story of the facade.</p><br>
<p>Souda  is an islet in Souda Bay on the northwest coast of Crete. In ancient times this islet was one of two islets that were referred to as Leukai. The second islet is known today as Leon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was fortified by the Venetians due to its strategic location, controlling the entrance to the anchorage of Souda Bay (which is still an important Greek and NATO naval base). Although the rest of Crete fell to Ottoman control in the Cretan War (1645–1669), the fortress of Souda (along with the island fortresses of Gramvousa and Spinalonga) remained in Venetian hands until 1715, when they too fell to the Ottomans. During this time, the island served as a refuge for Cretan insurgents.</p><br>
<h2>Musical contest between the Sirens and the Muses</h2><br>
<p>On the northwest side of the islet, a small distance away, there is another islet which is almost round in shape, which used to be referred to on medieval Venetian maps as Rabbit Island (known as Nisi and Leon today). In ancient times these two islets were referred to as Leukai (Greek for "white ones"). Their name came from the ancient Greek myth about a musical contest between the Sirens and the Muses. Out of their anguish from losing the competition, writes Stephanus of Byzantium, the Muses plucked their rivals&#39; feathers from their wings; the Sirens turned white and fell into the sea at Aptera ("wingless") where they formed the islands in the bay that were called Lefkai.</p><br>
<p>The Balsas River  is a major river of south-central Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The basin flows through the states of Puebla, Morelos, Guerrero, and Mexico. The river flows through the Sierra Madre del Sur, and empties into the Pacific Ocean at Mangrove Point, adjacent to the city of Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. Several rapids along the course of the Balsas River limit its navigability and thus the river has been largely used for generation of hydroelectric power, flood control and irrigation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Balsas River valley was possibly one of the earliest maize growing sites in Mexico, dating from around 9200 years ago. Though it is known that successive communities of Yop, Coixica, Matlatzinca (Chontal), Tlahuica and Xochimilca with Nahua succeeding in the end have lived in the region, archeological excavations in the area are yet to establish the hierarchical succession of the various communities. During the period of 1100–480 BC, the region between the lower Balsas river valley and the Lerma-Santiago River fell under control of the Tarascan-Purépecha Empire.</p><br>
<p>According to the 1980 Census, 47,000 people lived along the Balsas river banks, spread over 37 communities, within the six municipalities of the region. Nahua peoples constite 47% of the population, 15% are indigenous people (speaking four different languages), other large communities are Mixtec (23%) and Tlapenc (19%), and the balance 4% are Amuzgo.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>The upper Balsas River basin includes the State of Puebla, the States of Mexico, Morelos, and the Guerrero Mountain Zone, as well as several river systems of the Mesa Central plateau. The main system is of the Tlapanec River, with tributaries originating in the mountains such as the Oaxaca Mixteca. It is joined by the Amacuzac River fed by streams around Xonacantapec volcano and by the San Jeronimo and Chontalcoatlan rivers. The last two rivers originate around Popocatepetl volcano and flow through the State of Morelos.</p><br>
<p>With a length of some 771 km the Balsas River is one of Mexico&#39;s longest rivers. It originates at the confluence of the San Martin and Zahuapan Rivers as Atoyac River in the state of Puebla. From here it flows south-west and then westward, into a depression through the state of Guerrero, and discharges into the Pacific Ocean at 17&deg;56&prime;24&Prime;N latitude, 102&deg;08&prime;16&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the basin varies from temperate to subtropical with mean annual temperatures between 12.5 and 28 °C. Rainfall in the basin is highly seasonal and some 90% of annual precipitation occurs between May and September, with 546 mm recorded in the arid areas of the valley and 1000–1600 mm further upstream in the highland lakes area.</p><br>
<h2>River basin development</h2><br>
<p>The Balsas River basin has witnessed much economic development. Through building dams these activities aimed at irrigation, generation of electricity, and improving agriculture and living conditions of indigenous people, mainly the Nahuas who form the majority group. Seven hydropower projects are envisaged on the Balsas River. The two major projects are the La Villita and El Infiernello (in Michoacan). The Carlos Ramirez Ulloa (El Caracol) project is being developed in the Guerrero and four others are planned for the future.</p><br>
<h3>River Basin Councils</h3><br>
<p>Water management has received due attention of the Government of Mexico over the past several decades. It included more efficient water use and aimed to meet water supply needs of the major cities in Mexico. The Tepalcatepec Commission was established in 1947 under the Ministry of Water Resources (one of the three commissions established initially) for the Balsas River development. In 1960, it was subordinated to the Balsas River Commission. Its tasks included planning, design, coordination and implementation of irrigation projects, flood control and hydropower generation, covering rural and urban development and health and communications aspects. Following the enactment of a new Water Law in the country, a Master Plan was developed in 1975 covering 13 hydrological regions (102 subregions). River Basin Councils were established, and 25 are currently in position out of the 26 planned.</p><br>
<p>The Balsas River has a discharge of 15–17 m/s during the lean flow season. The steep slope of the river in a stretch of 30 km creates an elevation difference of 1200 m, providing excellent opportunities for hydropower development. Initially, 120 MW of power was generated at the power station at La Villita. This 336 MW station was built in the state of Michoacan, near the Pacific Coast. Another Balsas River project planned was the El Infiernillo; it became operational in 1964 and has an installed capacity of 1,120 MW. El Infiernillo Dam is a 149 m rockfill embankment dam.</p><br>
<h3>Agriculture</h3><br>
<p>Agriculture in the basin has a rich history of over 9000 years, with an impressive transformation from the stage of unwelcome grass to high-yield maize fields.</p><br>
<h3>Irrigation and hydroelectric power generation</h3><br>
<p>Two dams on the river provide for irrigation and power generation. The water stored by the dam built above Tierra Caliente is utilized for growth of cotton and rice. The Balsas River basin was first considered for hydropower development in the 1940s. The basin has an area of 105,900 km, and the two projects implemented here are the La Villita and El Infiernello (both in Michoacan).</p><br>
<p>The El Infiernillo Dam is a 149 m rock fill embankment dam with a narrow central core. It is located on the Balsas River about 200 mi southwest of Mexico City. Its height is about 148 m, crest length is 344 m, and the base width from the upstream toe to the downstream toe is 570 m.</p><br>
<p>La-Villita is an earth-cum-rock fill dam with a crest length of 320 m, a height of 60 m, and a power generation capacity of 300 MW. This was the first dam built on the Balsas River. It is located 15 km from the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Both dams have a solid structure and withstood well the five earthquakes of the magnitude up to 8.1 which occurred after their construction.</p><br>
<h3>Transbasin water transfer</h3><br>
<p>A project has been implemented to redirect some water from the Balsas River basin to the Lerma River Basin and the Valley of Mexico. It aimed to meet the growing drinking water needs of the Mexico City, which is about 130 km from the basin. Such transfers are expected to create water-sharing disputes among the basin states in the future.</p><br>
<h3>Navigational studies</h3><br>
<p>The navigation of this river by shallow–draft steamers was initially promoted for the development of the Guerrero area, and in 1911 a new concession was given by the Government of Mexico for this purpose. The proposal was to use the river for passengers and freight from the point of crossing of the Acapulco Trail to the Pacific Ocean, over the river length of about 300 miles. Initially a 25-foot boat was commissioned at Balsas railroad bridge station by Gullermo Niven, a business man in Mexico City who set out to establish its feasibility in November/December 1911. He had carried recommendation letters from President Madero of Mexico to important persons in towns and villages on the way. On this exploration he was accompanied by 11 people, including two river navigation experts and Fred Macfarlene, a California financier. The exploration lasted 22 days from the time of its departure till the return of the team back to Mexico City via Manzanillo on the steamboat S.S. Ramón Corral which picked the exploration party at the last point of their journey at Orilla. During this period many events happened en route due to rebel activities, but the navigation itself was fairly smooth except for an encounter with a rock outcrop in the middle of a narrow section of the river where the boat had overturned, injuring two people. While the river was proven navigable, investments to develop the facilities did not happen immediately due to the rebel activities in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Maize domestication</h2><br>
<p>Balsas valley is known as the cradle of the original maize domestication.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologist Richard MacNeish originally pointed out the importance of the Valley of Tehuacán, part of which also belongs to the Balsas valley, for maize domestication. He found over 10,000 teosinte cobs in the Coxcatlan Cave. Later, in 1989, the early date was confirmed by testing. Maize samples from Cueva San Marcos, and Cueva Coxcatlan in Tehuacan neighborhood had been tested. The oldest dates were 4700 BP (uncalibrated) or 3600 BC (calibrated).</p><br>
<p>Balsas River valley continues downstream into the Guerrero state. There are also very early maize sites there, which attracted attention more recently.</p><br>
<p>Recent research supports Balsas River valley as the first place in the world where maize was domesticated about 9000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The so-called "Balsas teosinte", now considered to be the direct predecessor of maize, grows mostly in the middle part of the Balsas valley at this time. In the past, it may have grown in other parts of this valley, as palaeoclimatology studies show. In particular, the Xihuatoxtla Shelter, located in Iguala valley, provides the best stratigraphy.</p><br>
<p>Recent debates among scientists center on where exactly in the Balsas River valley this type of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) grew in times past, when corn was domesticated.</p><br>
<h2>Arts and crafts</h2><br>
<p>During the Purépecha period, the people of the valley created many items of red-slipped buff-colored pottery, painted in white, cream or red and made many ceramic pipes and tools using bronze alloys.</p><br>
<p>Sasyk, or Kunduk , is a lagoon or liman in southern Ukraine, near the Danube delta. It is a Ramsar listed wetland site important for migrating, breeding and moulting birds. About 25,000 pairs of wetland birds make their nests there and seasonal conglomerations of birds are up to 100,000 individuals.</p><br>
<p>The area of the lagoon is 215 km, and the depth up to 3.3 m. Until 1978 the lagoon was separated into two parts: northern brackishwater area, including the rivers Cogalnic and Sarata, and a southern marine area. The lagoon was separated from the sea by a 0.5 km wide sandbar.</p><br>
<h2>Dam and reduced salinity</h2><br>
<p>In 1978 a concrete dam was built on the sandbar and the lagoon was connected to the Danube River by a canal, through which fresh flood waters come. This has adversely changed the salinity in the lake, and this plus disturbance from recreation and commercial fishing activities has influenced the habitat for wildfowl.</p><br>
<p>The aim of this Soviet dam project was to convert the lagoon to a fresh water lake to use for irrigation. However, this failed and the use of water from Sasyk resulted in the salinization of about 30,000 hectares of land, with associated detrimental impact on crops, and mineralization of ground water and wells. The project ended in ecological, social and economic disaster.</p><br>
<p>A 2007 report stated that the lagoon had become too dangerous for swimming because of pollution, including pesticides and heavy metals. The water is described as greenish with an unpleasant smell. Many now favour breaking the dam and reconnecting the lagoon with the sea.</p><br>
<p>Loutro  is a rocky islet in the gulf of Loutro on the southwest coast of Crete in the Libyan Sea. The islet can be found close to the end of the Mouri cape. Administratively, it is part of the municipality of Sfakia. The coastal village of Loutro is approximately 71 km south of Chania. The gulf of Loutro was once used for shipbuilding and by merchant ships.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Foinikas</h2><br>
<p>Loutro is believed to be part of ancient Foinikas and the port of ancient Anopolis. It became the winter harbour of Sfakia. The gulf and the islet make a natural harbour where ships can be safe even in the worst of weather.</p><br>
<h2>Shipbuilding</h2><br>
<p>The gulf of Loutro was once used for shipbuilding by the people of Sfakia and the local sailors used to travel throughout the Mediterranean, and as far away as Russia, from Loutro. Shipbuilding, sailing, and navigation contributed to the local economy. One of the successful shipbuilders and shipowners was Ioannis Vlachos, who was better known as Daskalogiannis. He was a wealthy shipbuilder with four large three-mast ships that sailed between the ports of the Mediterranean.</p><br>
<p>Agioi Theodoroi  are two uninhabited islets off the coast of western Crete. One is named Agios Theodoros, also called Thodorou, and the islet a few metres further north is called Mikros Agios Theodoros . Administratively, they are part of the municipality of Platanias, in Chania regional unit. Kri-kri inhabit Agios Theodoros.</p><br>
<h2>National park</h2><br>
<p>In 1930 the municipality of Agia Marina with the cooperation of the hunting association of Chania decided to make the islands a nature reserve. It was in 1935 that Theodoros Viglis caught one male and two female Kri-kri in Samariá Gorge and released them on Agios Theodoros so that they could breed with integrity since no other goats inhabited the island. This initial small community of Kri-kri was too small to prevent inbreeding and more Kri-kri were introduced to the community.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1583 the Venetians built two small fortresses on Agios Theodoros in part to prevent pirates from using the islands and in part to defend the coast of Crete.</p><br>
<p>St. Andrews Episcopal Church, is an Anglo-catholic church in Denver, Colorado. Its building, "considered by many people to be one of Denvers most beautiful churches" is a Gothic style church built c.1907-1909 that was designed by architect Ralph Adams Cram. It was dedicated January 17, 1909 as Trinity Memorial Church and renamed to St. Andrews in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The distinguished architect Cram, of Cram and Ferguson in Boston, Massachusetts, was commissioned to design the building for Alexis Dupont Parker as a memorial to his wife. Parker was a "railroad magnate" of the Colorado and Southern Railway who was educated in the Episcopal Ministry and was president of the board of the Colorado diocese of the Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Expanded in 2008 to a design in keeping with Crams original plans for a larger church, St. Andrews now seats 175 in a sanctuary that includes works by Denver artists Marion Buchan and Albert Byron Olson. The parish house is by Denver architect Jacques Benedict.</p><br>
<p>Chrissi  is an uninhabited Greek island approximately 15 km south of Crete close to Ierapetra in the South Cretan Sea. Approximately 700 m east of the island is the island of Mikronisi. Administratively these islands fall within the Ierapetra municipality in Lasithi.</p><br>
<p>It contains a small church and harbour on its northwestern coast, Ekklisia Agios Nikolaos.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>It is possible to visit Chrissi by sea from Ierapetra and from Myrtos. There is a nudist beach on the north coast of the island. The highest point on the island is called Kefala ("head") and it is 31 m above sea level. On the western part of the island is the chapel of Saint Nicholas (estimated to date to the 13th century). There are also a salt pan, an old port, some Minoan ruins, a lighthouse and a Roman cemetery. Due to the shallow waters around Chrissi, snorkelling and diving is a popular pastime. The Belegrina, Hatzivolakas, and Kataprosopo bays have a wide diversity of shells.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to reach the island from Ierapetra between middle of May and late October. During the summer months, excursion boats from Ierapetra leave the quay every morning and return in the afternoon.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental protection</h2><br>
<p>Chrissi is protected as an "area of intense natural beauty". The island has the largest naturally formed Juniperus macrocarpa forest in Europe. There is no fresh drinking water on the island. The majority of trees have an average age of 200 years and average height of up to 7 m, some of the trees are up to 300 years old and 10 m tall. The density is approximately 28 trees per hectare.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Methodist Church is a Late Gothic Revival church in Monticello, Iowa whose church building was completed in 1950. It is now the Monticello Heritage and Cultural Center. It is the only church in Iowa designed by nationally prominent architects Cram & Ferguson, who specialized in ecclesiastical architecture.</p><br>
<p>The church congregation sought high design quality and, as recorded in the NRHP nomination for the church, the local newspaper reported in 1949 thatIt was felt that the church building could never be better than its design so an effort was made to secure the ablest architects available and the world famous firm of Cram & Ferguson of Boston were selected. This firm is well known as the designers of the Great Episcopal Cathedrals in New York and Detroit, St. Thomas Church and Christ Methodist in New York, Calgary Church in Pittsburgh, the House of Hope Presbyterian Church in St. Paul, the famous Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago and hundreds of other churches throughout the eastern part of the nation. This is, however, their first church in Iowa. (Monticello Express 1949 "Drawing of the New Methodist Church")</p><br>
<p>How the building committee of St. Luke&#39;s Church got connected to the Boston architectural firm is not known, but may have been through Rev. Dr. Daniel L. Marsh (1880-1968). Marsh, president of Methodist-affiliated Boston University, obtained Cram & Ferguson to design Marsh Chapel and many other campus buildings which were widely covered in Methodist publications.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1858 and built its first church, on this site, in 1863, at cost of $1,750.00. The original was replaced in 1899 by a second that suffered design problems. The 1949-1950 church is the third Methodist church. After its completion the congregation had 350 members, but eventually declined and in the 1990s joined up with the local Congregational church to form the United Church of Monticello. The combined church alternated worship services in the two churches for a time. The St. Luke&#39;s church was eventually provided to the Monticello Heritage and Cultural Center, a group interested in its preservation, which obtained a grant from the Historic Site Preservation Grant Program of the State</p><br>
<p>Historical Society of Iowa in 2000, enabling it to purchase the property. In 2001, the building was being used as a performance venue, for cultural programs, and as a history museum.</p><br>
<p>There was a design challenge in the small church&#39;s requirement for a large community room, as a steeply pitched roof consistent with Late Gothic Revival styling could have required a very high roofline, higher than on the main church area. This was solved by designing a somewhat complex roof system that had ups and downs. Gothic Revival styling is also apparent in building materials choices and in many architectural details.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It was deemed significant as an illustration of how the Cram & Ferguson architects adapted Late Gothic Revival styling to the design of a small church.</p><br>
<p>The Crawford County Courthouse in Knoxville, Georgia served as the Crawford County courthouse from 1832 to 2001. For years before it went out of service, the courthouse was the oldest courthouse still in use in Georgia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In an act of December 23, 1822, the legislature authorized Crawford Countys initial inferior court to select a site to serve as county seat and provide for construction of a courthouse with a provision that such site "be as near the center of the county as convenience will admit" (Ga. Laws 1822, p. 23). The same act provided that until a courthouse could be built, Crawford County courts and elections would be held at the house of Imlay Vansciver. In Dec. 1823, the legislature designated Knoxville as the county seat. At some point thereafter, Crawford Countys first courthouse was built. That structure burned down in 1829 or 1830. The following year, construction of a new courthouse began. The new building was completed in January 1832. Since then, there have been numerous repairs and remodeling, with extensive interior renovations and construction of a small addition in the late 1960s. Around 1890, a new railroad was built through the middle of Crawford County following a north-south route. For whatever reason, the railroad&#39;s path came near, but skipped, the county seat of Knoxville. The historic structure may become the home of the Crawford County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h3>A new courthouse</h3><br>
<p>In 2001-02, a new courthouse was built one block behind the old courthouse. The reason the new courthouse was built is because the old one was placed on the NRHP, which means no renovations or additions can be made to it, such as an elevator to the courtroom upstairs. A disabled person couldn&#39;t get to the second-story courtroom without an elevator, so the new one-story courthouse was built. The new courthouse has a clock tower on top of it, which sunk into the roof shortly after completion, causing major damage. It has since been fixed, but some local residents of Knoxville are still weary of it.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the courthouse serves as a museum for the annual Jug Fest held in Knoxville. It only opens to the public that day. The flag that flies outside of the courthouse is derived from the Lone star flag, the Texas state flag.</p><br>
<p>The Simeon Deming House is a historic residence in western Washington County, Ohio, United States. Located along Willis Road northeast of the community of Watertown,</p><br>
<p>The present structure is one of Ohio&#39;s oldest extant Federal houses, featuring brick walls that rest on a foundation of sandstone with a full basement. Two-and-a-half stories tall, the walls are built in Flemish bond. Central to the four-bay symmetrical facade is a rounded-arch main doorway with a transom and the original fanlight.</p><br>
<p>Deming personally remained in Washington County for only a short time; by 1824, he had moved north to the present Wayne County; in that year, he was one of the charter members of the First Presbyterian Church of Wooster. Despite living in Washington County for only a few years, Deming is seen as holding an important place in the area&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Simeon Deming House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Spread out around the 4 acre surrounding the house itself are seven related buildings that were added to the Register together with the house as contributing properties. The house qualified for inclusion on the Register for two different reasons: because of its association with Deming and because of its locally significant historic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Shubel Smith House, also known as Stonecroft, is a historic house at 515 Pumpkin Hill Road in Ledyard, Connecticut. It was built in 1807 as the estate of Shubel Smith, a sea captain. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The listing included three contributing buildings on a 6.5 acre area, including the Georgian Colonial house and the "Yellow Barn" as well as a smaller outbuilding. Both of the large buildings have modernized interiors, serving as a bed and breakfast called Stonecroft Country Inn.</p><br>
<p>Side view of Yellow Barn, Shubel Smith House, Ledyard, CT.JPGSide view of the "Yellow Barn"</p><br>
<p>Plaque, Shubel Smith House, Ledyard, CT.JPGNRHP plaque on the house</p><br>
<p>Chimney detail, Shubel Smith House, Ledyard, CT.JPGBrick reading "1807" in the chimney</p><br>
<p>The SOWEGA Building or Southwest Georgia Melon Growers Association Building  in Adel, Georgia at 100 South Hutchinson Avenue , at the corner with Fourth Street.  It was built in 1930. It is three stories tall and made of red brick, built in a commercial style. It has a roof deck and a basement. It is made of concrete reinforced with steel. Terracotta trim accents the exterior. The base is finished in marble. It features unique green terracotta watermelons in terracotta lozenges in a broad diamond, which represent the SOWEGA trademark. The third floor was remodeled in the early 1960s and the ground floor was remodeled in 1988. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The Adel-Cook County Chamber of Commerce currently uses the building.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Atlanta architects Daniell & Beutell.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Milky Way Farm in Giles County, Tennessee, is the former estate of Franklin C. Mars, founder of Mars Candies. The property is named for the company&#39;s Milky Way candy bar.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Franklin Mars and his second wife, Ethel V. Mars, purchased the 2,800 acre property in 1930, shortly after establishing a southern office of Mars Candies in Nashville. Architect James F. Drake was hired to design the Tudor Revival manor house and farm facilities for breeding Thoroughbred horses and Hereford cattle. Construction peaked between 1931 and 1933. With 800 workers during construction, Milky Way Farm became the largest employer in Giles County. During construction, many of the workers lived on the farm with their families. Mars is reputed to have been generous to his workers, who received free candy bars, as well as small loans and other forms of assistance.</p><br>
<p>Mars died in 1934, too soon to see the success of the farming operations. He was buried in a mausoleum on Milky Way Farm. His widow, Ethel Mars, oversaw the planned livestock operations. Milky Way Farm produced prize-winning Hereford cattle and thoroughbred horses that were winners on the racetrack, beginning with the farms first racing season in 1934. Winnings in 1936 totaled $206,450, making the Milky Way Farm stable the seasons most successful owner on the USA thoroughbred racing circuit. In 1940, Milky Way Farm’s Gallahadion won the Kentucky Derby.</p><br>
<p>In March 1945, when Ethel Mars was in declining health (she died in December 1945), the farm was sold. In the subsequent decades it fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 25,000 ft2 Tudor Revival manor house has 35 rooms, including 21 bedrooms, and 12 original bathrooms. The house was designed for entertaining, and many of the individual rooms are unusually large. The living room features exposed beams and a 40 ft ceiling. The Mars&#39; dining room table is reputed to have been the largest private dining table in Tennessee. The house was surrounded by landscaped grounds, including magnolia trees, and had an outdoor swimming pool and tennis courts.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings included 70 cottages, 30 barns, and a horse-racing track. Local limestone was used in most of the farm buildings, which have been described as having Spanish-inspired architecture. In Ethel Mars day, the property had 35 mi of fences and 20 mi of roads. Outbuildings that were still intact as of 2007 included the groundskeeper’s cottage; several of the barns, including an octagonal barn; stables; and well-houses. Although Franklin Mars remains were reinterred in a Minnesota cemetery, his mausoleum at Milky Way Farm still stands.</p><br>
<p>Milky Way Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 27, 1984. It was described as significant for its role in sustaining the local economy during the Depression, its association with Franklin Mars, and its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Development plans</h2><br>
<p>In 2007 the property was sold for a reported price of $10 million. The buyer announced plans for a $400 million development of a luxury residential community to consist of 750 to 900 homes, an equestrian club including a horse track and polo field, a golf course, and equestrian trails. The developer succeeded in selling only a few lots and the property went into foreclosure in May 2009. In 2010, another developer acquired 300 acre of the property in 2010 and announced plans for a less ambitious residential development. Under the current ownership, the manor house is being made available as a private venue for special events.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District is a 182 acre historic district in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Many of the districts subdivisions were platted in 1878 in anticipation of railroad construction. Development was spurred by the arrival of the Great Northern Railroad in 1880 and a branch line of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1885. The construction of Belmont Elementary School in 1887 and South Junior High School in 1932 were important developments in the areas later history. Significant growth of the district ended circa 1942.</p><br>
<p>Architectural styles in the district include Mid 19th Century Revival and Late Victorian architecture. Joseph Bell DeRemer is among the architects who designed district buildings.</p><br>
<p>When first listed, the district included 423 contributing buildings, one contributing structure and one contributing object. Also included are 183 non-contributing buildings. The Dinnie Apartments, built in 1903, which were individually listed on the NRHP in 1985, are included in the district. In 2006 the district was increased to identify a house built in 1913 with Prairie School and Foursquare architecture as an additional contributing property. and</p><br>
<p>The Clutts House is a historic residence in the city of Wellston in Jackson County, Ohio, United States. Built in 1902,</p><br>
<p>Born in 1861, Joseph Clutts moved to Wellston in 1882. Within a short period of time, he embarked on a path to make himself one of the region&#39;s most significant citizens: he purchased the nearby Wellston and Milton blast furnaces, bought a share in the ownership of the Spring Valley Iron Company, and acquired wide areas of woodland to provide fuel for his furnaces. In 1896, with Henry Adam Marting and Lewis Vogelsong, he organized the Wellston Iron and Steel Company, which operated two more blast furnaces. Along with a partner named Willard, Clutts bought out his former partners in 1898.</p><br>
<p>Clutts arranged for the construction of the present house in 1902. Measuring two-and-a-half stories tall, the resulting structure features buff-colored brick walls, No single architectural style can be said to dominate the house, but its size and details make it one of the city&#39;s most architecturally prominent residences. Most houses in Wellston, whether contemporaneous with the Clutts House or constructed at other times, are significantly smaller buildings erected for common workers.</p><br>
<p>Following Clutts&#39; death in 1927, his home became known as the "Reese Building." Since that time, it has ceased to be used for residential purposes; the present occupants are the law firm of Oths, Heiser, and Miller, which has converted it into their law offices. Little has changed inside or outside the house in the century since its construction: although it has ceased to be used as a residence, the home still features most of its original decorative details and structural elements. In 1980, the Clutts House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its connection to Clutts himself and because of its well preserved and historically significant architecture. It is one of three buildings on the Register in the city of Wellston, along with the Morgan Mansion and the Harvey Wells House.</p><br>
<p>Amutria  was a Dacian town close to the Danube and included in the Roman road network, after the conquest of Dacia.</p><br>
<p>The name is homonymous with the ancient name of the nearby Motru River. Its possible position at this river&#39;s junction gives a certain importance.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient sources</h2><br>
<h3>Ptolemy's Geographia</h3><br>
<p>Amutria is mentioned in Ptolemys Geographia (c. 150 AD) in the form Amutrion (Ἀμούτριον) as an important Dacian town, at latitude 50° 00 N and longitude 44° 45&#39; E (note that he used a different meridian and some of his calculations were off). It is located on a road between Drubetis and Potulatensioi.</p><br>
<h3>Tabula Peutingeriana</h3><br>
<p>Amutria is also depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana (2nd century AD) between Drubetis and Pelendava, on one of the three roads build by Emperor Trajan in Dacia. The road was connecting into Via Trajana and most likely crossing Trajan&#39;s Bridge over the Danube. The location corresponds to the one mentioned by Ptolemy.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Romanian archaeologist and historian Grigore Tocilescu, assumes that Amutria should be read Ad-mutriam, Ad Mutriam or Ad Mutrium, meaning by/at the Mutrium (Motru). The modern Romanian linguist Sorin Olteanu is also suggesting the form Ad Mutrius, with Mutrius possibly being the ancient name of Motru River.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Amutria is hypothetically located at one of the following sites in Oltenia (Southwestern Romania):</p><br>
<p>Valea Perilor, commune Cătunele, Gorj County</p><br>
<p>Motru, Gorj County</p><br>
<p>Gura Motrului, commune Butoieşti, Mehedinţi County</p><br>
<p>Botoşeşti-Paia, Dolj County</p><br>
<h3>Valea Perilor/Cătunele</h3><br>
<p>Based on the archaeological survey and excavations performed at Cătunele in 1885, 1973, and later in 1981-84, a Roman castrum and civilian settlement was discovered.</p><br>
<p>The castrum lies in the Valea Perilor village, on an alluvial terrace of the Motru river, approximately 130 meters from the highway that connects the modern towns of Motru and Baia de Aramă. It is bordered in the east by the Chivădarul River and was intended to oversee the Valea Motrului mountainous region inhabited by a large Dacian population.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site is cataloged as Chivadarul (LMI code GJ-I-s-B-09155) by the Romanian National Institute of Historical Monuments in the List of historical monuments in Romania.</p><br>
<p>The shape of the castrum is rectangular with rounded corners, with the dimensions 156 x 114 m. The castum is aligned lengthwise with the north-south axis, with the Porta Praetoria on the southern side.</p><br>
<p>The first systematic research was made in 1973 by the Iron Gates Region Museum from Drobeta-Turnu Severin and the Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest and then continued during 1981-1984, done by Gorj County Museum in collaboration with the Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest.</p><br>
<p>On the territory of the castrum were discovered many sherds of Roman and Dacian origin, indicating that the Dacians had coexisted with Roman soldiers and settlers. Some of the Dacian pottery was handmade, while others were worked on the wheel. These two populations - Dacians and Romans formed the ethnogenesis of the Romanian people and the archaeological evidence sustains this fact.</p><br>
<p>An important discovery regarding the chronology of this castrum is a Roman coin issued by Emperor Gallienus (c. 218 AD – 268 AD), that represented his wife, Salonina. This is a great indication that the castrum was still under Roman control in Gallienus&#39; time and that it was probably abandoned only during the retreat from Dacia during Aurelian (271 – 275 AD).</p><br>
<p>It was also the discovery site of a signum militare in the form of a hand made of bronze, wearing a representation of goddess Victoria on the fingertips. The object is kept at the Iron Gates Region Museum.</p><br>
<p>The earlier excavations from 1885 led to other discoveries, including coins of Alexander Severus, arrows and rings with inscriptions.</p><br>
<p>To the north and east of the castrum, were the canabae (Roman civil settlements), stretching over an area of about 20 ha.</p><br>
<p>A Roman road (Via Romana) was also identified. The road was connecting this site to Castrum Pinoasa, passing through the modern villages of Glogova and Apa Neagră then heading towards Tismana River.</p><br>
<h3>Botoşeşti-Paia</h3><br>
<p>Locating Amutria at Botoşeşti, a site with a very rich evidence of a Roman presence, has a problem: it is not by the Motru river and does not fit the Ad Mutrium toponym connection.</p><br>
<p>However, there are two significant archeological sites cataloged by the Romanian National Institute of Historical Monuments: Cetatea Micului (LMI code DJ-I-s-B-07875), a Dacian fortress from late La Tène Period (1st century AD) and Piscul cazacilor (LMI code DJ-I-s-B-07876) site which includes a Dacian fortress (La Tène Period) and a Daco-Roman settlement (2nd - 4th century).</p><br>
<p>Piscul Cazacilor is one huge area (over two kilometres long) with lots with Roman artefacts, including pottery, bricks, and dressed stones. The site is placed in the northern third of the Piscul Cazacilor hill, and also on the left bank of the Paia River, to the north of the main site. Being perhaps a station, it includes the ancient Roman road connecting Drobeta with Pelendava, situated near the modern road coming from Botosesti Paia in the north.</p><br>
<p>Among the archaeological findings at the Paia river, there is evidence of the Mithraic cult practiced also in Dacia. A votive plaque has been recovered, with an inscription from which it can only be read gentilicum Valerius, probably a servus villicus (slave).</p><br>
<p>Another discovery is a good quality 9 cm bronze statuette depicting Mercury, the god of trade, with hair in locks, small wings in the hair and a crown (not petasus) on the head. He stands with his weight on the right leg, while the head tilts slightly to the right. The right arm hangs along the body. A corner of the mantle can be seen on the left shoulder, hanging along the arm and folding on the forearm. The statuette is in the inventory of Iron Gates Region Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Gura Motrului/Butoieşti</h3><br>
<p>Romanian journalist and historian Petru Broșteanu, as well as other authors, placed Amutria at Gura Motrului, which in Romanian literally means the mouth of River Motru, based on measurements made out of Tabula Peutingeriana, and other sources. The location also fits well with the Ad Mutrium interpretation of the name.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations at Butoiești in 1884 revealed traces of Roman civilization.</p><br>
<p>The All Saints School is a historic private school in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. William Hobart Hare, the first Episcopal bishop of South Dakota, founded the school to serve as a girls boarding school for the children of Episcopal missionaries. The schools main building, a four-story granite Prairie Gothic structure with a distinctive bell tower, was built in 1884. A cupola sits atop the buildings front entrance; Hares personal quarters was near the cupola, and he was known to watch the city from the cupola in the evening. A -story chapel is located on the west side of the main building.</p><br>
<p>The school&#39;s main building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is also part of the All Saints Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Dilworth Elementary School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a historic school building, completed in April 1915. it is a traditional Magnet school for pre-kindergarten through the fifth grade in the Pittsburgh Public Schools system. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school is named for the Dilworth family. William Dilworth (1791-1871) is credited with providing a school and teacher on Mt. Washington in the 1820s. Mary Parry Dilworth, widow of descendant John S. Dilworth later donated the land on which the Dilworth school was built. The architects, Martin U. Vrydaugh and Thomas B. Wolfe, also designed churches and homes for wealthy patrons, including the Calvary United Methodist Church. The school was designed three years after the Pittsburgh and Allegheny City school boards where merged.</p><br>
<p>The building is brick, H shaped, two and one half stories high. It was a consciously elegant design, stylistically unique in the city when built, echoing European school designs. It included kindergarten and basement play spaces as were becoming essential at the time; but here the playrooms did not receive as much design attention as such elements would later on, and were not particularly functional. An auditorium was added in 1927 and was well designed for its intended use with a full stage, and directly accessible without entering the main portion of the school.</p><br>
<p>Sis  was the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The massive fortified complex is just to the southwest of the modern Turkish town of Kozan in Adana Province.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 3rd millennium B.C. Sis was one of the Hittite settlements on the Cilician plain between the mountains and the Mediterranean coast.</p><br>
<p>During the 1st century B.C. Sis appears to have been an unfortified village in the Roman province of Cilicia Secunda. The names Sisan or Sisia are first mentioned in the 5th and 6th centuries in Greek and Latin sources. In 703-04 A.D. the Byzantine settlers repulsed an Arab attack, but were soon forced to abandon the town, which became a frontier post for the Abbasid Caliphate. The Caliph al-Mutawakkil reconstructed the Byzantine defenses in the mid-9th century. The Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas recaptured Sis in 962, only to have it become an Armenian possession in 1113, when it was occupied by Rubenid Baron T‛oros I and repaired.</p><br>
<p>From the late 12th through the 13th centuries the castle was significantly enlarged during the reigns of King Levon I and King Het‛um I with a “palace,” residential buildings, churches, and gardens. Wilbrand von Oldenburg, a Teutonic monk who visited Sis in 1212, found a complete and well-established capital. Het‛um’s wife, Zapēl, is credited with building a hospital there in 1241. A fragment of a dedicatory inscription still in situ within the castle mentions “Het‛um.”</p><br>
<p>After Hromkla was conquered by the Egyptian Mamluks, Sis became the Catholicos&#39; residence. In 1266 the Mamluks looted and burnt the city. In 1275 the Mamluks again surrounded the city, but were defeated by Armenian forces. A century later, in 1369 the Mamluks again conquered the city, but were forced to leave. Finally, in 1375 the Mamluks took the city, looted and burnt it, and captured the king and many lords. With Sis fallen also fell the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.</p><br>
<p>According to Gregory of Akner,</p><br>
<p>Into the early 20th century Armenians continued to inhabit the town where several late medieval residential structures were preserved.</p><br>
<p>The castle at Sis is one of the largest fortified sites in the Levant. If laid from end to end, the circuit walls would measure almost 3 kilometers in length. The walls, towers, vaulted undercrofts, cisterns, and residential buildings are carefully adapted into the folds of the lofty outcrop of limestone. The vast majority of these constructions are built with well-cut rusticated ashlar, a masonry typical of Armenian fortifications. There are fragments of Byzantine walls as well as an entrance corridor at the southeast which was built during the Mamluk occupation and has an inscription in Arabic. Because of its strategic location, Sis has indivisibility with the castles at Andıl, Anazarbus, and Tumlu.</p><br>
<p>Directly below the castle outcrop at the southeast is a large terrace which has the remains of several important churches and chapels in the Compound of the Patriarchs, including the basilica of St. Sophia, built by King Het‛um I, and the 18th-century church of St. Gregory the Illuminator. One of the chapels, Kara Kilise, still preserves the apse and the pointed vault over the nave.</p><br>
<p>The Verugal Aru  , literally "flood or that which overflows&quot is a river on the island Ceylon that separates the Trincomalee and Batticaloa Districts. The famous Verugal Kandaswamy Temple lies on its banks. It flows through Verugal town, just north of Kathiraveli. The river reaches the Indian ocean on the eastern coast of the island just south of Trincomalee. The river also feeds the Ullackalie Lagoon. Its name stems from the word Perukal meaning flood or that which overflows in Tamil.</p><br>
<p>Known as Barraces to Alexandrian seafarers, it features on Ptolemy&#39;s map of the island in the 2nd century CE. Its source on the map is the Central Highlands of the island, described as Malea from the Tamil Malai meaning hills/mountains. Mahavali Ganga River (from Ma-Vali - the great pathway) which flows from the highlands is the source of the Verugal River.</p><br>
<p>A famous annual pilgrimage takes place from the Koneswaram temple to the Verugal Murugan temple on the banks of the river carrying the Hindu deity Murugan&#39;s Vel.</p><br>
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<p>Pulau Samulun is an offshore island in Jurong Industrial Estate, Singapore. It is separated from mainland Singapore by Selat Samulun. It is only less than a kilometre away from Singapore mainland. Jurong Shipyard is located in Pulau Samulun and it also houses a food centre that caters to the workers working there. Samulun is from "sembulun" a tribe of Orang Laut who once lived here.</p><br>
<p>Before the island was expropriated for industrial development in 1961 with the relocation of 150 families, there was a mosque on top of a knoll and a school catering to the local Malay community. A bridge joining Jurong Industrial Estate and Pulau Semulun (as it was then known) was completed in 1964 which was the second largest bridge in Singapore.</p><br>
<p>There is only one road in Pulau Samulun called Jalan Samulun and it links Shipyard Road in mainland Singapore to Pulau Samulun.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>SBS Transit Jurong Industrial Service 249 travels between Boon Lay Interchange and Jalan Samulun. It is also the only Singapore public bus service that plies outside of Singapore mainland apart from cross border services (160, 170 and 950).</p><br>
<p>The Naunspitze is a 1,633-metre-high peak in the Zahmer Kaiser, the northern ridge of the Kaisergebirge mountains in Tyrol, Austria. Seen from the west it is the first independent summit on the main crest. To the south it falls sharply away and, to the north, ends abruptly in a steep rock face that towers over the Inn valley near Ebbs. The next peak along the main ridge to the east is the Petersköpfl , which is separated from the Naunspitze by a small wind gap.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The Naunspitze may be reached without difficulty in about 45 minutes from the Vorderkaiserfelden Hut to the southwest, or in 20 minutes from the Petersköpfl. Several Alpine climbing routes lead up the rock faces to the north and west classified by the UIAA as grade III.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Petersköpfl is a 1,745m high summit in the Zahmer Kaiser, the northern ridge of the Kaisergebirge mountain range in the Austrian state of Tyrol. To the east the Petersköpfl is linked by a ridge to the Einserkogel, to the west it is separated from the Naunspitze by a wind gap. To the south it falls steeply into the Kaisertal valley and to the north its steep rock faces tower above Ebbs. To the east there is a gently sloping plateau covered with mountain pine that forms the main ridge of the Zahmer Kaiser and runs up to the Pyramidenspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From the Vorderkaiserfelden Hut the Petersköpfel is reached in an hour on an easy route and, similarly, from the Hinterkaiserfeldenalm. The crossing to the neighbouring summit of the Naunspitze takes 20 minutes. From Petersköpfl a climbing path runs over the plateau of the Zahmer Kaiser to the Pyramidenspitze. Several short climbing routes run up a small rock slab on its western flank. Longer Alpine climbs run up its north face.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>St. Lukes Lutheran Church, also known as The German Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Saint Lukes and St. Luke&#39;s Evangelical Lutheran Church, is a historic Lutheran church located on Restaurant Row at 308 West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues in the Theater District of Manhattan, New York City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s was founded as a Dutch Reformed congregation in 1850, first meeting in rented rooms on the third floor of a building on 35th Street and 9th Avenue. It reorganized as a Lutheran congregation in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The church moved several times, acquiring its first owned building, a former Baptist church on 43rd Street, in 1863. It moved in 1875 to 233 West 42nd Street, into the former Forty-second Street Presbyterian Church. Finally, the congregation acquired property at West 46th Street to build its current church. The cornerstone was laid in October 1922 and the church dedicated in September 1923.</p><br>
<p>An independent congregation without synodic affiliation since 1880, St. Luke&#39;s joined the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 1987.</p><br>
<p>St. Lukes Theatre is located on the churchs premises.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1922–23 to the designs of Edward L. Tilton of Tilton & Githens, with the facade of the nave featuring windows designed by Francis Xavier Zettler. The building was completed in 1923. The architecture has been described as a happy marriage between the Gothic Revival and Art Deco styles. A four-story parish house at 308–316 West 46th Street was built 1922 to designs by architect Francis Keally of 141 East 45th Street at the cost of $150,000.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Shuttleworth Hall is a 17th-century manor house  in the civil parish of Hapton in Lancashire, England. It is protected as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest part of the house dates from the early to mid-17th century. An inscription over the outer doorway to the porch contains the date of 1639. Although historians have supposed that the house was a residence of the Shuttleworth family of Gawthorpe Hall in Padiham, Shuttleworth Hall&#39;s connection to that branch of the family is unclear. By 1856, the building was described as a farmhouse, and it now consists of two separate dwellings. In April 1953, the house was designated a Grade I listed building. The Grade I listing is for buildings "of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important". The garden wall and arched gateway are also separately designated with a Grade II* listing.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed of coursed rubble sandstone with roofs of stone slate. Its plan is H-shaped and it is built on two stories. Most of the windows have mullions and transoms; the hall windows are not mullioned. A garden to the south (front) of the house is enclosed by a wall with a segmental-arched gateway.</p><br>
